Annex 1 - Mechanisms of the treaty for Amazonian cooperation
Annex 2 - Operational structure of the binational programs
Annex 3 - List of plans, programs, and projects identified
Mechanisms for implementing the Treaty for Amazonian Cooperation are the following:
- Meetings of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Contracting Parties, which are held whenever it is considered advisable or timely, to set basic guidelines for the common policy, to evaluate the overall progress of the Amazonian cooperation process, and to adopt decisions aimed at attaining the objectives set forth in the instrument (Article XX). As of the date of this report, four Meetings of Foreign Ministers have been held: in Belem, Brazil (October 1980); Call, Colombia (December 1983); Quito, Ecuador (March 1989); and Santa Cruz, Bolivia (November 1991).- Council on Amazonian Cooperation, composed of high - level diplomatic representatives of the contracting parties, whose function is to monitor fulfillment of the mandates and purposes of the treaty and of the decisions reached in the Meetings of Ministers of Foreign Affairs. The Council considers initiatives presented by the countries and takes the appropriate decisions on studies and bilateral or multilateral projects to be executed by the Permanent National Commissions (Article XXI). Between the signing of the treaty and December 1990, the Council on Amazon Cooperation held four meetings: Lima, Peru (1983); La Paz, Bolivia (1986); Brasilia, Brazil (1988); and Bogota, Colombia (1990).
- Treaty Secretariat, whose functions are exercised pro tempore by the contracting party in whose territory the next regular meeting of the Council on Amazonian Cooperation is to be held (Article XXII). The Secretariat is responsible for carrying out the activities provided for in the Treaty as well as those mandated by the Meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs and the Council on Amazonian Cooperation. Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, and now Ecuador have served as Secretariat pro tempore.
- Permanent National Commissions, created by the contracting parties are responsible for applying the provisions of the TAC in their individual territories and for executing the decisions adopted by the Meetings of Ministers of Foreign Affairs and the Council on Amazonian Cooperation, together with other activities that each state may assign them (Article XXIII).
- Special Commissions, formed by the contracting parties as necessary, study specific problems or issues relating to the purposes of the Treaty (Article XXIV). To date, Special Commissions on the Environment (CEMAA), Science and Technology (CECTA), Health (CESAM), Indian Affairs (CEAIA), Transport, Infrastructure, and Communications in the Amazon (CETICAM), and Tourism (CETURA) have been established. The Special Commissions receive support from international and regional technical and financial cooperation agencies such as the OAS in formulating and implementing their programs and projects.
- Meeting of Presidents of the Amazon Countries, which, while not a stated mechanism of the TAC, brings together the presidents of the signatory countries. They met for the first time on May 6, 1989, in Manaus, Brazil, to discuss their common interests in the Amazon region and, in particular, the future of cooperation for the development and protection of their individual Amazonian territories. The second meeting of presidents was held on February 10 and 11, 1992, to study the topics of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. The presidents adopted a declaration reaffirming that "the imperative of economic and social development should be combined with conserving and protecting the environment, by means of the promotion of strategies for the sustainable use of natural resources and respect for the rights of citizens to a better quality of life". They also affirmed the right of Amazonian countries to "use their own resources to ensure their progress and well - being."
The general organizational plan followed in executing each binational plan or program is as follows:
- Joint Commission: The Joint Commission is composed of representatives from the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and is the highest level for decisions on implementing and coordinating execution of the programs of common interest. The Joint Commission approves the operational mechanism as well as the terms of reference for preparation of the programs and projects. It also negotiates technical and/or financial support from international organizations.- Executive Commission: This is the binational mechanism that supervises execution of the studies. It is made up of the permanent secretary of the Joint Commission, a representative from the Permanent Commission (or Subcommittee) of each country, the directors of the agencies to which the Technical Units of each country report, and the Director of the OAS Department of Regional Development and Environment or his representative. The functions of the Executive Commission are as follows:
* To coordinate and promote in the two countries the execution of the studies included in the various phases of the plan or programs;* To approve the program of activities and the reports presented by the Technical Committee;
* To monitor the progress toward the goals of the plan or program of activities;
* To ensure that the national agencies of the individual countries accomplish their assigned work and provide the technical and logistical support required to stay on schedule and properly carry out the planned activities.
- Technical Committee: This is a bilateral mechanism for direction and administration. It has a secretariat responsible for executing the analysis and integration of the work produced by the technical agencies of both countries and the OAS consultants. The Technical Committee is to:
* Organize and program execution of the activities to be carried out by the Technical Units, in accordance with the approved work plan;* Direct and evaluate the work assigned to the Technical Units;
* Harmonize the reports presented by the Technical Units before submitting them to the Executive Commission for consideration;
* Through the Permanent Secretariat: receive, review, and integrate all the documents prepared; and,
* Organize work and research,, if necessary, to carry out the activities called for in the plan or program.
The Permanent Secretariat, for its part, has an executive function with respect to the evaluation and review of reports and studies produced by the Technical Units and to the preparation of the final documents.
- Technical Units operate in each country. Consist of a unit chief designated by the Government, a group of national experts from the participating agencies, international consultants, and administrative staff. Their principal functions are:* To execute the studies and activities contained in the terms of reference;
* To evaluate and review studies; and,
* To identify and formulate programs and projects in the priority areas selected.
|
Plan/Program Plan for the Physical |
Projects |
Subprojects/Components |
|
|
Planning and Management of the San Miguel and Putumayo River Basins (Colombia - Ecuador) |
Environment |
Pilot project for sustainable management of natural resources |
|
|
Environmental research |
|||
|
Environmental education |
|||
|
Forestry, wildlands, and wildlife |
|||
|
Attention to Indian Communities |
Community development |
||
|
Health |
|||
|
Aspects of production |
|||
|
Education and culture |
|||
|
Legal aspects |
|||
|
Reorientation of the Agricultural Sector |
Amazonian agricultural production units (UPAAZ) |
||
|
Agroindustrial and commercial crops |
|||
|
Fisheries development |
|||
|
Marketing |
|||
|
Credit |
|||
|
Technical assistance |
|||
|
Land tenure |
|||
|
Agricultural Inputs |
Phosphate fertilizers |
||
|
Agricultural lime |
|||
|
Others |
|||
|
Health and Basic Sanitation |
Infrastructure and equipment |
||
|
Supporting services |
|||
|
Health education |
|||
|
Research in traditional medicine |
|||
|
Training and Organization |
Community organization |
||
|
Development of rural women |
|||
|
Job training |
|||
|
Colombian - Brazilian Model Plan for the Integrated Development of the Border Communities of the Tabatinga - Apaporis Axis (Colombia - Brazil) |
Tourism Development |
Ecotourism |
|
|
Construction/remodeling of basic infrastructure |
|||
|
Purchase of equipment for land and river transport |
|||
|
Intra - and intersectoral repercussions |
|||
|
Environmental education |
|||
|
Promotion of international tourism |
|||
|
Development of Fish Panning (Leticia Regional Center) |
Fish farming development |
||
|
Construction/refitting of Regional Aquaculture Center at Leticia |
|||
|
Establishment of fish - breeding units |
|||
|
Provision of laboratory and research equipment at the Center |
|||
|
Establishment of production and marketing units |
|||
|
Basic surveys on areas of biology, limnology, economy, and technology |
|||
|
Establishment of demonstration unit for rural development and extension programs |
|||
|
Technical Assistance and Rural Extension |
Training in farm management practices for indigenous people and settlers |
||
|
Promotion of poultry and small livestock production |
|||
|
Technical advisory services for resumption of traditional "chagra" farming |
|||
|
Distribution of improved seeds and support to horticulture and various crops |
|||
|
Economic Utilization of Forest Resources Health Plan |
Region wide botanical studies |
||
|
Introduction of appropriate technologies |
|||
|
Organization and development of health services; manpower; network of laboratories; information system; community participation; physical infra structure |
|||
|
Comprehensive maternal and child care |
|||
|
Prevention and control of communicable diseases |
|||
|
Control of vector - borne diseases |
|||
|
Prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases |
|||
|
Oral health program |
|||
|
Environmental sanitation |
|||
|
Care of indigenous communities |
|||
|
Epidemiological surveillance |
|||
|
Basic sanitation |
Expansion and improvement of the Leticia water treatment plant |
||
|
New water intake, treatment, and distribution system at Tabatinga; sewage service for Tabatinga and integration into the Leticia system; construction of sewage out falls |
|||
|
Collection and final disposal of solid wastes(sanitary landfills) for Leticia, Tabatinga, and other towns under the Plan |
|||
|
Abattoirs and marketplaces for Leticia, Tabatinga, and other towns under the Plan |
|||
|
Tabatinga - Leticia Urban Transport |
Transit engineering solutions; signs, parkings; pedestrian, loading and unloading areas |
||
|
Coordination and harmonization of urban transport measures with urban development |
|||
|
Long - term project guidelines in the light of urban planning and uses of space |
|||
|
Organization of a binational cooperative or similar enterprise |
|||
|
Renewal of rolling stock |
|||
|
Ecological and Economic Zoning |
Creation of data base |
||
|
Mapping with standardized parameters for the two countries |
|||
|
Demarcation of homogeneous areas for agricultural development, extraction, and the creation of conservation units. |
|||
|
Complementary studies of biotic and abiotic matters |
|||
|
Expansion and consolidation of the Amacayacu National Nature Reserve |
|||
|
Environmental Education |
Support for classroom education; adaptation of curricula of classroom education |
||
|
Environmental education for the community |
|||
|
Program for the Development of Border Communities of Iñapari - Assis. Brazil (Peru - Brazil) |
Utilization of Forest Resources |
Typology of crop, forest, and grazing production systems and their distribution |
|
|
Evaluation of economic, social, and environmental behavior of the systems detected. |
|||
|
Proposal of new productivity - raising technologies |
|||
|
Management of wildlands for conservation as national parks, reserves and sanctuaries, protected forests, etc. |
|||
|
Description of principal faunal populations of the area |
|||
|
Management and utilization of secondary forests |
|||
|
Fishery Development |
Establishment of a community fishery center |
||
|
Establishment of control, supervision, and technological support units |
|||
|
Health Development |
Integrated preventive health project |
||
|
Training of technical and professional staff |
|||
|
Expansion and improvement of the health services network |
|||
|
Binational coordination |
|||
|
Environmental Zoning |
Inventory and evaluation of natural resources |
||
|
Cadastral survey |
|||
|
Demarcation and establishment of protected natural areas |
|||
|
Environmental planning |
|||
|
Management of production systems and ecological surveillance |
|||
|
Management of Binational Program |
Inventory of public and private institutions in the region |
||
|
Analysis of organizational structure and operation of institutions |
|||
|
Review of experiences in project execution |
|||
|
Design of mechanisms for promotion, conduct, and management of the program |
|||
|
Improvement of Road between San Lorenzo and Brasilea |
|
||
|
Plan for the Integral Development of the Putumayo River Basin(Peru - Colombia) |
Natural Parks |
National natural parks; Putumayo - Sabaloyacu Conservation Unit |
|
|
Binational parks |
|||
|
Integrated and Sustainable Forest Management |
|
||
|
Integrated Small Farms |
|
||
|
Integrated Attention to Indian/Native Communities |
Education and training |
||
|
Health and basic sanitation |
|||
|
Agricultural consolidation |
|||
|
Marketing |
|||
|
General Soil Survey |
|
||
|
Integrated Fishery Management |
Management and development of ornamental fish species |
||
|
Management and development of artisanal fishing |
|||
|
Training and promotion for development of artisanal fishing and aquaculture |
|||
|
Aquaculture research and development |
|||
|
Research on hydrobiological resources in Colombia - Peru border zone |
|||
|
Management and development of fishing for consumption |
|||
|
Marketing |
Supply program in the border zone |
||
|
Marketing on the Putumayo River |
|||
|
Integral Health Project |
Health project for the Putumayo River basin |
||
|
Border plan for health actions |
|||
|
Program for medical care |
|||
|
Infrastructure and river - borne medical care |
|||
|
Education |
Construction, expansion, and equipping of educational centers |
||
|
Teacher education and training |
|||
|
Construction of I.S.T. El Estrecho |
|||
|
Construction of agricultural schools |
|||
|
Expansion of boarding schools |
|||
|
Geologic Evaluation |
Geologic evaluation of the Putumayo and Napo river basins |
||
|
Preliminary evaluation of coal deposits |
|||
|
Geologic exploration of the Putumayo River basin |
|||
|
Prospecting for construction materials |
|||
|
Preliminary geologic exploration in the highlands of Traira |
|||
|
Hydromorphologic Studies |
|
||
|
Scientific Expedition |
|
||
|
Documentation Center for the Amazon |
Amazonian documentation center (Colombia) |
||
|
Amazonian documentation center (Peru) |
|||
|
Center for Appropriate Technology |
Center for appropriate technology |
||
|
Research and training center |
|||
|
Program for the Development of the Bolivian - Brazilian Border Communities (Brazil - Bolivia)a/ |
Basic Services |
Water and sanitation |
|
|
Infrastructure |
Electrical equipment |
||
|
Telecommunications |
|||
|
Production Activities |
Forest development |
||
|
Mining development |
|||
|
Agricultural development |
|||
|
Fishery development |
|||
|
Natural Resources |
Preservation and conservation |
||
|
Transportation Infrastructure |
Road transport |
||
|
River transport |
|||
|
Air transport |
|||
|
Multimodal transport |
|||
|
Border Cooperation |
Facilitation and exchange of goods and services |
||
|
Indian Communities |
|
||
|
Tourism |
|
||
Note: a/The studies on the different areas of the Brazil - Bolivia Binational Project have not yet been completed. The projects and subprojects presented are deduced from the policies and strategies selected in the process of border cooperation.2
LA ORGANIZACION DE LOS ESTADOS AMERICANOS
La Organización de los Estados Americanos (OEA) es el organismo regional más antiguo del mundo, pues su origen se remonta a la Primera Conferencia Internacional Americana, celebrada en Washington, D.C.. En esta reunión se aprobó, el 14 de abril de 1890, la creación de la Unión Internacional de las Repúblicas Americanas. La Carta de la OEA fue suscrita en Bogotá en 1948 y entró en vigor el 13 de diciembre de 1951. Posteriormente, la Carta fue reformada por el Protocolo de Buenos Aires suscrito en 1967, el cual entró en vigor el 27 de febrero de 1970 y por el Protocolo de Cartagena de Indias suscrito en 1985, que entró en vigor el 16 de noviembre de 1988. La OEA cuenta hoy con 35 Estados miembros. Además, la Organización ha concedido el status de Observador Permanente a 27 Estados de Europa, Africa y Asia, así como a la Santa Sede y a la Comunidad Económica Europea.
Los propósitos esenciales de la OEA son los siguientes; afianzar la paz y la seguridad del Continente; promover y consolidar la democracia representativa dentro del respeto al principio de no intervención; prevenir las posibles causas de dificultades y asegurar la solución pacífica de las controversias que surjan entre los Estados miembros; organizar la acción solidaria de éstos en caso de agresión; procurar la solución de los problemas políticos, jurídicos y económicos que se susciten entre ellos; promover, por medio de la acción cooperativa, su desarrollo económico, social y cultural, y alcanzar una efectiva limitación de armamentos convencionales que permita dedicar el mayor número de recursos al desarrollo económico y social de los Estados miembros.
La OEA realiza sus fines por medio de los siguientes órganos: la Asamblea General; la Reunión de Consulta de Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores, los Consejos (el Consejo Permanente, el Consejo Interamericano Económico y Social y el Consejo Interamericano para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura); el Comité Jurídico Interamericano; la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos; la Secretaría General; las Conferencias Especializadas; los Organismos Especializados, y otras entidades establecidas por la Asamblea General.
La Asamblea General celebra períodos ordinarios de sesiones una vez por año. En circunstancias especiales se reúne en períodos extraordinarios de sesiones. La Reunión de Consulta se convoca con el fin de considerar asuntos de carácter urgente y de interés común, y para servir de Organo de Consulta en la aplicación del Tratado Interamericano de Asistencia Recíproca (TIAR), que es el principal instrumento para la acción solidaria en caso de agresión. El Consejo Permanente conoce de los asuntos que le encomienda la Asamblea General o la Reunión de Consulta y ejecuta las decisiones de ambas cuando su cumplimiento no haya sido encomendado a otra entidad; vela por el mantenimiento de las relaciones de amistad entre los Estados miembros así como por la observancia de las normas que regulan el funcionamiento de la Secretaría General, y además, actúa provisionalmente como Organo de Consulta para la aplicación del TIAR. Los otros dos Consejos tienen como finalidad promover la cooperación entre los Estados miembros en sus respectivas áreas de competencia. Estos Consejos celebran una reunión anual; se reúnen asimismo en períodos extraordinarios de sesiones cuando fueren convocados de acuerdo con los procedimientos previstos en la Carta, La Secretaría General es el órgano central y permanente de la OEA. La Sede tanto del Consejo Permanente como de la Secretaría General está ubicada en Washington, D.C.
ESTADOS MIEMBROS: Antigua y Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas (Commonwealth de las), Barbados, Belice, Bolivia, Brasil, Canadá, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Chile, Dominica (Commonwealth de). Ecuador, El Salvador, Estados Unidos, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haití, Honduras, Jamaica, México, Nicaragua, Panamá, Paraguay, Perú, República Dominicana, Santa Lucía, San Vicente y las Granadinas, St. Kitts y Nevis, Suriname, Trinidad y Tobago, Uruguay y Venezuela.
