Department of Regional Development and Environment Executive Secretariat for Economic and Social Affairs Organization of American States
With support from the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance United States Agency for International Development
Washington, D.C. 1991
PART I - INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND NATURAL HAZARDS
CHAPTER 1 - INCORPORATING NATURAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT INTO THE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING PROCESS
1. How Natural Are Natural Hazards?
2. Environment, Natural Hazards and Sustainable Development
3. The Impact of Natural Hazards Can Be ReducedB. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO VULNERABILITY REDUCTION
a. Rapid Onset vs. Slow Onset
b. Controllable Events vs. Immutable Events
c. Frequency vs. Severity
d. Mitigation Measures to Withstand Impact vs. Mitigation Measures to Avoid Impact2. The Nature of the Study Area
3. The Participants in the DramaC. HAZARD MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
1. Hazard Management Activities
a. Disaster Mitigation
b. Natural Hazard Prediction
c. Emergency Preparedness
d. Disaster Rescue and Relief
e. Post-Disaster Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
f. Education and Training Activities2. Incorporating Mitigation Measures into the Stages of an Integrated Development Planning Study
a. Preliminary Mission: Designing the Study
b. Phase I: Development Diagnosis
c. Phase II: Project Formulation and Action Plan Preparation
d. Implementing the Study Recommendations3. Advantages of Integrated Development Planning for Natural Hazard Management
D. HAZARD MANAGEMENT IN SELECTED ECONOMIC SECTORS
1. Energy in Costa Rica
2. Tourism in Jamaica
3. Agriculture in Ecuador
4. Strategies Derived from the Case StudiesE. IMPLEMENTING THE RECOMMENDATIONS: STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE AGENCIES1
1. Technical Cooperation Agencies
2. Convincing Financing Agencies
a. A Change in Context
b. Incentives for Analysis
c. Assignment of Accountability for Losses
CHAPTER 2 - NATURAL HAZARD RISK REDUCTION IN PROJECT FORMULATION AND EVALUATION
A. NATURAL HAZARDS IN PERSPECTIVE
1. Historical Disasters and Agricultural Losses
2. Economy-wide Effects of Disasters
3. Natural Hazards and Development IssuesB. BASIC CONCEPTS: NATURAL HAZARDS AND INVESTMENT PROJECTS
1. Probability
2. Risk
3. Risk Aversion
4. Risk Assessment
5. Risk Management
6. Investment ProjectC. THE USE OF NATURAL HAZARD INFORMATION IN INVESTMENT PROJECT PREPARATION
1. Preliminary Mission
2. Phase I - Development Diagnosis
3. Phase II - Project Formulation and Definition of Action Plan
4. Project ImplementationD. INCORPORATING NATURAL HAZARDS INTO PLANNING AND DECISION-MAKING IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR
1. Attitudes Toward the Risks from Natural Hazards
2. Establishing Evaluation Criteria and PrioritiesE. PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
1. Measuring Costs
2. Measuring Benefits
3. Discounting Net Project Flows
4. Project EvaluationF. INCORPORATING NATURAL HAZARDS INTO THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENT PROJECTS
1. Decision Criteria with Limited Information
a. Cut-Off Period
b. Discount Rate Adjustments
c. Game Theory Approaches
d. Sensitivity Analysis2. Decision Criteria with Probabilistic Information
CHAPTER 3 - RESOURCE EVALUATION AND THE ROLE OF ECOSYSTEMS IN MITIGATING NATURAL HAZARDS
A. LAND-USE EVALUATIONS IN LATIN AMERICA
B. LIMITATIONS OF LAND-USE EVALUATIONS
1. Limited Emphasis on Cultural Components
2. Lack of Standard Procedures to Incorporate Information about Risk from Natural HazardsC. LAND-USE EVALUATIONS BASED ON A SYSTEMS VIEW
1. A Systems View
2. Systems Attributesa. Linkages and System Function
b. Limiting Factors
c. Buffering
d. ThresholdsD. ASSESSING NATURAL HAZARDS IN LAND-USE EVALUATIONS
1. Preliminary Mission
2. Phase I Activities
3. Phase II Activities
4. General RecommendationsE. NATURAL SERVICES IN SUPPORT OF HAZARD MITIGATION
1. Ecosystem Boundaries, Watersheds, and River Basins
2. Ecosystems and Associated Hazards
a. Uplands and Volcanic Activity (U1)
b. Uplands and Earthquakes (U2)
c. Uplands and Landslides (U3)
d. Uplands and Hurricanes (U4)
e. Uplands and Land/Sea-Borne Floods (U5)
f. Uplands and Desertification (U6)
g. Lowlands and Land/Sea-Borne Floods (L5)
h. Lowlands and Desertification (L6)
i. Estuary and Hurricanes (E4)
j. Estuary and Land/Sea-Borne Floods (E5)
k. Reef and Hurricanes (R4)
l. Reef and Land/Sea-Borne Floods (R5)
m. Open Sea and Hurricanes (S4)
n. Open Sea and Land/Sea-Borne Floods (S5)
PART II - TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR NATURAL HAZARD ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 4 - REMOTE SENSING IN NATURAL HAZARD ASSESSMENTS
A. OVERVIEW OF IMPORTANT REMOTE SENSING ATTRIBUTES
1. Scale
2. Resolution
3. Image Contrast
4. Time Frame
5. Remote Sensing Images and Maps
6. Output Formats2. Radar
3. Thermal Infrared Scanners
4. Advantages and Limitations of Photography, Radar, and Thermal IR Scanners
1. Landsat
2. SPOT
3. Satellite Radar Systems
4. AVHRR
5. Metric Camera
6. Large Format Camera
7. SojuzkartaD. APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY TO NATURAL HAZARD ASSESSMENTS
1. Floods
2. Hurricanes
3. Earthquakes
4. Volcanic Eruptions and Related Hazards
5. Landslides
6. Desertification
CHAPTER 5 - GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN NATURAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
1. What is a GIS?
2. GIS Operations and Functions
a. Data Input
b. Data Storage
c. Data Manipulation and Processing
d. Data Outputa. Hardware and Software Components
b. Users and Users' Needs
c. Information and Information Sources
1. GIS Applications at the National Level
2. GIS Applications at the Subnational Level
3. GIS Applications at the Local Level
4. Use of a Geo-referenced DatabaseC. GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING A GIS
1. Conduct a Needs Assessment, Define Proposed Applications and Objectives
2. Execute an Economic Analysis for GIS Acquisition
3. Select among Alternative Systems and Equipment
4. Establish a Databasea. Determination of Proposed Applications of the System
b. Determination of Data Needs and Sources for the Applications Selected
c. Design of the Data Files
CHAPTER 6 - MULTIPLE HAZARD MAPPING
A. BENEFITS OF MULTIPLE HAZARD MAPPING
B. PREPARING MULTIPLE HAZARD MAPS
1. Translated Information
2. Sources and Compiling Information
3. Timing1. Base Map
2. Scale and Coverage
3. Hazards to be Shown
4. Types of Symbols
D. OTHER FORMS OF MULTIPLE HAZARDS INFORMATION
1. Cross section of Effects
2. Photographs of Damage
3. Atlas of Hazards
4. Plan for Reducing Hazards
5. Analyses of Land Capability
6. Single Event with Multiple Hazards
7. Series of Strip Maps
8. Photo Maps
9. Geographic Information Systems
10. Information Processed by Computer1. Credibility
2. Likelihood, Location, and Severity
3. Accuracy versus Precision
4. Scale
5. Abuse
6. Synthesis versus Detail
7. Use of Caveats
CHAPTER 7 - CRITICAL FACILITIES MAPPING
A. CRITICAL FACILITIES CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE
1. Definitions
2. Characteristics of Critical Facilities
3. Damage ScenariosB. PREPARATION AND USE OF CRITICAL FACILITIES MAPS
1. Benefits of Critical Facilities Mapping
2. Preparing Critical Facilities Maps
a. Base Maps
b. Information Display Techniques
c. Key Elements of Critical Facility Information3. Compiling Critical Facilities Information
4. Sources of Critical Facilities Information
5. Assessing the Vulnerability of Critical FacilitiesC. COMBINING CRITICAL FACILITIES MAPS AND MULTIPLE HAZARD MAPS
1. Uses of Combined Critical Facilities Maps and Multiple Hazard Maps
a. Examples of Combinations of MHM and CFM
b. Regional Planning: The Integrated Development Planning Process
PART III - ASSESSMENT OF SPECIFIC NATURAL HAZARDS
CHAPTER 8 - FLOODPLAIN DEFINITION AND FLOOD HAZARD ASSESSMENT
A. FLOODPLAINS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO INTEGRATED REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
1. Floods, Floodplains, and Flood-Prone Areas
2. Flood Hazard Assessment
3. Land Surface Characteristics Related to Floodsa. Changing Nature of Floodplains
b. Frequency of Flooding
c. Length of Inundation
d. Effects of Development Practices on Flooding and Floodplains, and the Role of Mitigation1. Determining Acceptable Risk
2. Satellite Remote Sensing Methods Applied to Flood Hazards
3. Integrating Remote Sensing Flood Information into a Development Planning Study
a. Preliminary Mission
b. Phase I
c. Phase II
d. Project Implementation
C. FLOOD HAZARD MAPPING TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATION OF SATELLITE DATA
1. Traditional Techniques of Floodplain Mapping
2. Remote Sensing Techniques for Floodplain Mapping
a. Floodplain and Flood-Related Changes Detected by Remote Sensing
b. Selection of Satellite Data3. Photo-Optical Method for Initial Floodplain Delineation and Flood Hazard Assessment
D. APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING DATA TO FLOOD-PRONE AREAS: TWO CASE STUDIES
1. Case Study 1: Honduras Coastal Plain
a. Photo-Optical Technique Employed for Spectral Analysis
b. Temporal Analysis of Land Surface Changes2. Case Study 2: Pilcomayo River Floodplain
a. Photo-Optical Techniques Employed for Spectral Analysis
b. Temporal Analysis of Changes in the Floodplain and River Channel
CHAPTER 9 - DESERTIFICATION HAZARD ASSESSMENT
A. TERMS AND CONCEPTS USED IN DESERTIFICATION HAZARD ANALYSIS
B. PRINCIPAL FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE DESERTIFICATION HAZARDS
1. Precipitation and the Occurrence of Drought
2. Potential Evapotranspiration (PET)
3. Wind
4. Soil Texture
5. Land Form
6. Land Use
7. Land ManagementC. EVALUATION OF DESERTIFICATION HAZARD IN REGIONAL PLANNING STUDIES
a. Preliminary Mission
b. Phase I. Diagnosis of the Study Area
c. Phase II. Formulation of Development Projects2. Defining Desertification Potential
a. Hazard Zoning
b. A Descriptive Key to Identify Desertification Potential
CHAPTER 10 - LANDSLIDE HAZARD ASSESSMENT
A. OVERVIEW OF LANDSLIDE HAZARD MAPPING AND THE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING PROCESS
1. Determining Acceptable Risk
2. Landslide Hazard Mapping
3. Integrating Landslide Hazard Zonation Maps into the Development Planning Processa. Preliminary Mission
b. Phase I - Development Diagnosis
c. Phase II - Development Strategy and Project Formulation
d. Project ImplementationB. LANDSLIDES, LANDSLIDE HAZARD ASSESSMENT, AND AREAS OF CONCERN
1. Landslides and Landslide Susceptibility
2. Hazard Assessment of Landslides
3. Factors Associated with Landslide Activitya. Past Landslides and Their Distribution
b. Bedrock
c. Slope Steepness or Inclination
d. Hydrologic Factor
e. Human-Initiated EffectsC. MAPPING PHYSICAL FACTORS AND PREPARATION OF A LANDSLIDE HAZARD MAP
1. Mapping the Physical Factors Associated with Landslides
a. Mapping the Inventory of Existing Landslides
b. Mapping the Types of Bedrock Contributing to Instability
c. Mapping Slope Steepness or Inclination
d. The Optional Hydrologic Factor-Mapping Indirect Measures2. Interpreting Landslide Hazards: The Landslide Hazard Map
3. Factor Analysis: The Technique to Prepare a Hazard Map
a. Step One: Combined Map of Permanent Factors
b. Step Two: Overlay of Landslide Inventory
c. Step Three: Group Combinations Using a Factor Analysis
d. Step Four: Producing Landslide Hazard Zones4. Compensating for Insufficient Data: The Isopleth Map
5. Computer-Generated Mapping
A. OVERVIEW OF GEOLOGIC HAZARDS AND THE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING PROCESS
1. Earthquake Effects and the Hazards They Cause
a. Ground Shaking
b. Surface Faulting
c. Earthquake-Induced Ground Failure: Landslides and Liquefaction2. Earthquake Hazard Prediction, Assessment, and Mitigation
a. Earthquake Prediction
b. Seismic Risk Assessment
c. Earthquake Mitigation Measures3. Types and Sources of Earthquake Information
a. Information on Earthquakes (occurrence, size, characteristic effects, relation to geologic features)
b. Information on Seismic Hazards
c. Information on Seismic Risk and Vulnerability
d. Data Substitution4. Earthquake Hazards and the Development Planning Process
a. Preliminary Mission
b. Phase I: Development Diagnosis
c. Phase II: Development Strategy and Project Formulation
d. Project Implementationa. Tephra Falls and Ballistic Projectiles
b. Pyroclastic Phenomena
c. Lahars and Floods
d. Lava Flows and Domes
e. Other Hazards2. Classification, Assessment, Mapping, and Mitigation of Volcanic Hazards
a. Classification of Volcanic Hazards
b. Volcanic Hazards and Risk Assessment
c. Volcanic Hazard Zonation Map
d. Mitigation of Volcanic Hazards3. Volcanic Hazards and the Development Planning Process
a. Preliminary Mission
b. Phase I - Development Diagnosis
c. Phase II - Development strategy and project formulation1. Tsunami Hazards and Their Assessment and Mitigation
a. Tsunami Hazards
b. Tsunami Hazard Assessment
c. Mitigating the Effects of Tsunamis2. Tsunamis and the Development Planning Process
CHAPTER 12 - HURRICANE HAZARDS
a. Birth: Tropical Depression
b. Growth: Tropical Storm and Hurricane
c. Death: Landfall or Dissipation2. TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF HURRICANE OCCURRENCE IN THE CARIBBEAN
3. HAZARDOUS CHARACTERISTICS OF HURRICANESB. HISTORICAL OCCURRENCE AND IMPACT ON THE AMERICAS: HURRICANE GILBERT
a. Affected Population and Damage to Social Sectors
b. Impact on the Economy and Damage to Productive Sectors
c. Damage to Natural Resourcesa. Affected Population and Damage to Social Sectors
b. Impact on the Economy and Damage to Productive Sectors
c. Damage to Natural ResourcesC. RISK ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER MITIGATION
1. DETERMINING THE RISK POSED BY HURRICANES
2. MITIGATING AGAINST HURRICANE RISKa. Reduction of Risk at the International Level
b. Reduction of Risk at the National Level
c. Reduction of Risk at the Local LevelD. COPING WITH HURRICANES IN SMALL TOWNS AND VILLAGES
1. Inventory of Lifeline Networks and Critical Facilities
2. Learning the Operation of Lifelines and Facilities and Their Potential for Disruption by Hurricane
3. Checking the Vulnerability of the Lifelines and Facilities through Field Inspection and Investigation
4. Establishing a Positive Working Relationship with the Agencies and Companies that Manage the Infrastructure and Services of the Community
5. Developing an Understanding of the Total Risk to the Community
6. Formulating a Mitigation Strategy
APPENDIX A - SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON NATURAL HAZARDS
A. TYPES AND LEVEL OF DETAIL OF NATURAL HAZARD INFORMATION
a. Climate Maps
b. Geologic Maps
c. Hydrologic Maps
d. Landform or Geomorphic Maps
e. Life Zone Maps
f. Soils Maps
g. Topographic Mapsa. Bathymetric Maps
b. Desertification Maps
c. Epicenter Maps
d. Fault Maps
e. Flash Flood Maps
f. Floodplain Maps
g. Landslide Maps
h. Maximum Observed Intensity Maps
i. Seismotectonic Maps
j. Storm Surge Maps
k. Volcano Maps
l. Windstorm Maps3. Reference Maps for Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
a. Built Structure Maps
b. Cadastral Maps
c. Demographic Maps
d. Drainage and Irrigation
e. Infrastructure Maps
f. Land-Use and Vegetation Maps
g. Lifeline and Critical Facilities Maps
B. THE USE OF HAZARD INFORMATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING PROCESS1. Preliminary Mission (Study Design)
2. Phase I (Development Diagnosis)
3. Phase II (Project Formulation and Sector Plan Preparation)
4. Implementing the Study Recommendations