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Problems and their Root Causes This section presents the major problems identified during the formulation of the TDA for the SJRB, summarized in eight tables. These problems were identified on the basis of the Diagnostic Study of the San Juan River Basin and Guidelines for an Action Plan, through the validation of its main findings, and based upon complementary studies carried out during the PDF-B planning program. These complementary studies were aimed towards the identification and collection of data on the coastal-marine zone, and the identification and analysis of the transboundary elements of the SJRB environmental issues. In addition, various national and binational workshops were held before and during the execution of the PDF-B planning program, through which additional information was obtained and the analysis was validated. The problems identified were grouped in the following categories:
Due to its comprehensive nature, the root cause analysis integrates the various factors and elements related to the use and management of water and natural resources within the basin. In that way, physical and biotic elements, institutional and policy issues, and social and economic factors, they all interact with each other in a very complex chain of causes and effects. The categorization presented above attempts to simplify and, therefore, ease the understanding of the cause-effect analysis, retrieving those problems which due to their regional impact and relevance must be addressed, if the integrated management of water and natural resources and the sustainable development of the SJRB wants to be achieved. As a result of the analysis of current and emerging environmental problems, it is observed that the first five categories can explain the main perceived problems and their root causes. The remaining three categories are identified within the causal chain of the first five. However, due to the complexity and relevance of those three categories, they are discussed individually in this document. Table 2.1 (Analysis of the cause-effect-root chain of the major problems) presents the cause-effect chain, indicating the immediate, secondary, and ultimate causes, and the root causes of these problems. The Arabic numerals that appear in parentheses under each of the immediate causes indicate the relationship that exists between each of those causes and the major problems. The Roman numerals appearing in parentheses under the ultimate causes indicate, in order of priority, the existing relationship between these and the root causes of the problems. In this table, it should be noted that the three additional problems, grouped in the following categories, are part of the five major problems previously identified: Disintegration of social groups and uprooting from territory; Inadequate political, legal, and institutional framework for integrated management of the SJRB; and Loss of economic potential in the SJRB. Further, the presence of the same causes-effects and/or root causes in two or more major problem areas shows the complexity of the cause-effect-root chain, which is in turn a result of the dependence of water resources on the condition of the ecosystems forming the SJRB, for which reason the integrated management of water resources involves proper management of all the natural resources and ecosystems present in the basin.
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