Introduction
The Internet is sometimes
referred to as the “network of networks”. This
expression reflects the very origin of the Internet
as the interconnection between existing networks.
The possibility of easily generating new
interconnections with high bandwidth at a reasonable
cost has been one of the key elements that allowed
the fast evolution of the Internet in the last
twenty years, and it is central to the continuous
growth of the network. A good interconnection not
only has technical benefits, but it also allows
innovation, attracts investments and fosters the
local ICT (Information and Communications
Technologies) community.
In the past, the Internet
interconnection for most developing countries only
consisted of an international link (normally to the
United States or Europe) that needed to be upgraded
on a regular basis. Today, local networks in
developing countries have matured not only in their
infrastructure, but also in their integration in the
global Internet. Diverse and reliable
interconnections can give these networks benefits
such as: the reduction of costs by avoiding the use
of expensive international links for purely local
communications, the improvement of their users’
experience by reducing the time needed to obtain
content (improving the responsiveness of the
network), and helping to attract new investments in
the ICT sector. Achieving a successful
interconnection plan for any organization involves
skills in network engineering, telecommunication
business, regulations, negotiation and
entrepreneurship.
Before embarking on the
opportunities and challenges of interconnection, it
is important to identify the different actors that
are involved:
• Internet Service Providers
(ISPs): These companies normally own last-mile
networks that bring Internet access to the
end-users. They use a great diversity of
technologies such as wireless, digital subscriber
line (DSL) or cable-modem. ISP residential customers
both consume and generate Internet content.
• Content Providers (CPs): CPs
act as content factories. A CP may have presence
only in a small number of data centers around the
globe. However, in the last 5 years, many CPs have
decided to increase the distribution of traffic by
installing new nodes in different countries or using
Content Delivery Networks. Examples of CPs include
media companies (distributing films, music or
videos), streaming services, e-Government,
e-learning, e-commerce, social networks or software
companies that use the Internet to distribute their
products.
• Regional/Global Transit
providers: These networks are usually global
providers of connectivity. They normally provide
access to the global Internet for ISPs, allowing
them to access distant networks.
• Content Delivery Networks (CDN):
CDNs act as local warehouses for content. CDNs have
servers in many data centers distributed around the
globe and their main customers are CPs. An example
of how CDNs are used is when a software company is
about to release a new and popular version of its
software. By hiring a CDN to distribute its content,
CPs can cope with very high short-term demand from
end-users without needing to own infrastructure
around the world.
• Internet Exchange Points (IXPs):
IXPs are meeting points for all entities to
facilitate interconnection. At the IXPs everybody
shares a common infrastructure, thus it is simple
and, in most cases, inexpensive to access high speed
connections at an IXP. The availability of IXPs is
central to allowing more affordable local, regional
or international interconnection, particularly for
the smaller networks.
• Infrastructure Operators:
Interconnections need availability of infrastructure
such as datacenters and data transport (local,
regional or intercontinental).
• Private companies and/or
Universities: These organizations normally
interconnect in order to improve their Internet
access by adding multiple providers and reducing
their access costs.
These definitions may not suit
every environment as organizations may take more
than one of the defined roles. As an example, an
organization may act as both an ISP and an
Infrastructure Operator.
These actors have different
strategies when searching for the best partners to
interconnect with. For example, when a CP, or a CDN,
interconnects with an ISP, a more direct and
efficient path is established between the end-user
and the content thereby reducing network latency
(delay). In the case of Peer-to-Peer traffic (P2P),
where content is originated by end-users, direct
interconnection of ISPs ensures that the most cost
efficient and optimal route is used.
Two questions arise in any
interconnection negotiation: How will the data be
transported between the two parties? And what will
be the commercial terms of the relationship?
The first question normally
involves agreements between the ISPs and
Infrastructure Operators. The abundance of
Infrastructure Operators, providing diverse options
for metropolitan, regional and international
transport capacity has been shown to have a
significant impact in increasing the availability of
Internet interconnection at lower costs. It is worth
mentioning that the price paid for the international
transport is not proportional to the distance that
the information needs to travel. There are cases
where the short distance over a national network to
access the undersea cables (called back-haul) can be
more expensive than the international long-haul.
The commercial terms of an
interconnection relationship fall into two broad
categories: transit and peering. Some transit
providers, are international networks that have the
ability to move packets across the globe. At the
time of this writing, there are at least 30,000
different organizations that could be
interconnected. As direct interconnections are not
feasible, networks normally pay a third party (a
transit provider) for the service of accessing the
networks to which they are not directly
interconnected. This defines a ’transit’
relationship. The price that ISPs pay for transit
has been steadily dropping in the last 20 years.
However, cost varies from one region to another
based on many factors, including the effort of
moving the traffic to that region.
The alternative to the transit
relationship is the ‘peering’ relationship where
separate networks voluntarily interconnect to
exchange traffic to and from their own customers.
Peering could have no cost to both parties
(settlement-free or bill-and-keep) or could have a
cost that’s lower than transit (fee-based peering).
There are some other special commercial
relationships that define the scope of traffic to be
exchanged, such as partial transit, regional or
local transit, and regional or local peering, but it
is beyond the scope of this paper to describe these
in detail.
Opportunities and challenges
Identifying efficient
interconnection options, which focus more on peering
and less on transit, provides a more resilient
growth model. Without diversifying interconnectivity
through peering interconnections, service providers
would be limiting their growth to their transit
link. New Internet applications such as video
streaming, P2P, e-learning and social networks
require a more connected Internet. All in all,
interconnections today for an ISP or a CP are no
longer a desire but a necessity to sustain the 300%
growth of the Internet user base in the last decade
.
In tandem, the increased
interconnection and lower costs encourage content
innovation targeted at the growing online audience.
The net effect becomes an increased demand for local
and regional hosting solutions and services such as
datacenters and collocation facilities. As a result,
a complete ecosystem comes into being, with all the
main actors creating abundant opportunities for the
social and economic growth of the region. However,
this is often not always realized due to policy and
regulatory challenges.
In countries with expensive
Internet services and scarce interconnections, the
challenge for governments is to generate an
environment that fosters interconnection. Where
appropriate, governments can provide leadership to
do so; for example, by ensuring their regulatory and
legislative frameworks create an enabling, rather
than restrictive, environment. The availability of a
competitive metropolitan and national data transport
market, the availability of diverse international
connection paths and the availability of datacenters
and IXPs are important factors to improve a
country’s local and regional interconnection. Public
policies that help provide ISP choices for
technologies and infrastructure operators have been
very effective in reducing access costs. On the
other hand, public policies that encourage a closed
market in any of these areas, or that force traffic
to take a particular route, will normally restrict
the growth of the interconnection.
In order to initiate this
virtuous circle, governments can play an active role
in boosting the local creation and localization of
content. With an adequate and well-interconnected
local content industry or by attracting foreign CPs
and/or CDNs, local ISPs will reduce their access
costs to content and users’ Internet experiences
will be improved. Some of the possible public
policies in this area could include financial
incentives (e.g. tax rebates) that favor the
creation of local content and local datacenters,
promoting a local content industry and the hosting
of CDNs.
A well-interconnected Internet
market is attractive for investments in the broader
ICT sector, particularly from foreign companies
looking to serve that area. Regional interconnection
is a key component in generating growth as it
creates a larger market for local and foreign
investors. A well-interconnected region is also an
attractive location for hosting critical Internet
resources such as DNS infrastructure.
The way forward
A widely interconnected Internet
is central for the growth and stability of the
network. When the interconnection happens near the
end-users, they receive significant benefits in
terms of the cost of the Internet access and their
overall Internet experience.
In countries at an earlier stage
of Internet development, governments can have an
important role to play in creating a favorable
environment for organizations (and particularly
ISPs) to interconnect. The key action for
governments is to create regulatory environments
that provide choices and flexibility for
interconnecting, while also removing artificial
barriers, particularly on commercial agreements. The
main government tools should be general and
permissive in nature, rather than narrow and
restrictive. An important lesson learned over the
past 20 years is that technology moves fast, so
policy, legislation and regulation have to be as
generic and technology-neutral as possible
Some considerations may
include:
1. Ensuring adequate choice and
flexibility for Service Providers in accessing the
physical infrastructure necessary for
interconnections. Some of the possible action areas
may be:
• Diversity in the availability
of international and regional infrastructure.
• Ensuring that ISPs have fair
and competitive access to the international
capacity.
• Ensuring flexibility in the
technology that they use (i.e. fiber or wireless
infrastructure).
• Ensuring the availability of
adequate datacenter infrastructure, especially
neutral datacenters (those that are not run by an
ISP or transit provider).
2. Eliminating restrictions and
barriers that prevent network operators from
entering into robust Interconnection relationships.
Particularly not requiring traffic to take a
specific path and acting against monopolized
environments.
3. Encouraging the deployment of
IXPs, which help decrease interconnection costs and
keep local traffic local. The importance of IXPs is
described in reference [1]
4. Engaging in regional and
sub-regional discussions to help develop policies
for the regional interconnections, particularly
between neighboring countries referred to as
cross-border interconnections.
5. Promoting the localization of
content. Either by fostering the local content
industry, or by creating the conditions for hosting
CPs and/or CDNs.
In conclusion, it has been widely
noted that the majority of the next billion Internet
users will be from the emerging Internet markets and
developing countries. In this regard, the Internet
Society believes that interconnection will play a
crucial role in enabling access to this next group
of users. Further, as the Internet continues to
evolve by the emergence of new technologies and
becomes internationalized, efficient
interconnections will contribute to its increased
resilience, lower latency, lower costs of access and
better end user experiences as a whole.
Internet Society |