Geologic representation in the protected areas
Vegetation representation
Wildlife representation
Cultural representation
In order to determine the degree of representation of the Country's natural features, potential areas were identified and analyzed in the following ways:
- Representation of the geological formation composition and history and their significance to geomorphic and physiographic features in the area.- Protection of native species of flora and fauna particularly those threatened with extinction.
- Representation and protection of ecosystems, through protection of watersheds and water courses. Maintain high standards of water quality and quantity,/protection of sites and objects of cultural, historical and archeological heritage.
The antilles volcanic arc dates back to the Eocene (50M. years ago). The products of the earliest phase are mainly underwater and are technically deformed. The phase of deformation ends with the Miocene (25 M. years ago).
The vulcanism of the recent and active arc occurs after the new structural rearrangement of the area in the post Miocene times.
Grenada consists mainly of volcanic products and to a lesser degree, of sedimentary rocks. From the Miocene to Quaternary, volcanic activity has emitted a large quantity of products which vary both in chemical composition and in the way they were emitted. These result in domes, flows and a wide variety of pyroclastics related to eruptions with varying degrees of explosivity.
The Volcanic series visible on the island are underlain by a sedimentary formation, where that sedimentary "Basement" outcrops on the island is known as the Tufton Hall Formation. This is made up of sandstones, siltstones and calcareous shale in alteration. The Tufton Hall formation outcrop are mainly situated in the northwest part of the island. The only other area that is clearly visible is at the Annandale Falls, which is included within a Natural Landmark.
The Central Southern Part of the Island (Grand Etang Forest-Reserve, and National Park, South of the highway)
The main area within this zone is the Mount Sinai, Mount Lebanon axis. It has been found that volcanic activity was most intense during these periods.
(1) Middle Miocene (25M years ago) -characterized by Basic Magmas, Alkali Basalts and basic andesites. Few outcrops remain.(2) Pliocene age - Characterized by lava flows, prismatic factoring and altered pyroclastic deposits (Morne Rouge Bay)
(3) Pleistocene age (1.7-1.4M years ago) -Activities of this period concerned the areas affected during the Middle Miocene period discussed above. This period's volcanic activity was characterized by mainly basic lava activity interspersed with major explosive activity shown by important pyroclastic deposits which are reworked.
The Volcanic Area of Mt. Granby - Grand Etang (Grand Etang National Park and northern part of Grand Etang highway) This area was affected by volcanic activity in the Pliocene and the Pleistocene. This well preserved morphology suggests that volcanic activity continued until the very recent Holocene period in the Grand Etang area. In this area is the eroded remains of Miocene vulcanite outcrops below Plio - Pleistocene products.
It is believed that Mount Granby, Mount Qua Qua and other intermediate peaks were separate centers of eruption which emitted lava at different times (Arcules 1973) and that volcanic activity began in the northern part near Mount Granby with the emission of basaltic lava which thereafter moved southward. Southward displacement would have brought the active centers close to Mount Qua Qua where both basaltic and andesite lavas are found.
The final element in this north - south migration of volcanic activity seems to be the craters located in the Grand Etang area. These are three craters one of them partially eroded all close together and a fourth at St. Margaret.
The Volcanic area of Mount St. Catherine (Mount St. Catherine National Park).
This volcanic edifice has a Pleistocene age and is characterized by a large crater, open on the southside with a diameter of about 1.2 KMS. Various domes have grown in the summit area there composition ranges from acid andesites to dacite and they constitute the main outcrops in the area.
According to Arculus (1973) the earliest activity was associated with the region in the vicinity of Plaisance and Malagon. Acidic lava flows ranging from andesite to dacites in composition were deposited on top of these early flows. Subsequently the center of activity moved southward probably near to the present crater of Mt. St. Catherine. The area to the northwest of this center is dominated by a thick sequence of andesitic and dacite lavas and pyroclastic flows forming St. Mark's mountain.
The climax of activity was probably the partial unfilling of the crater by the dome andesite.
Coastal Pleistocene Volcanic Cones (Levera and Archipelago, National Park, Lake Antoine, & Quarantine Point National Landmarks)
These recent emissions occur primarily in the Southwest and Northeast of the island and include the St. George's Harbour, Queens Park, the crater at Woodford estate and at Quarantine Point.
Lake Antoine has morphological characteristics very similar to the typical tuff-rings produced by hydromagmatic eruptions. The lava block from Lake Antoine gave an age of approximately 1.5 M years.
The two craters near the Levera Hill seem to have had very minor interaction between the magma and the sea.
This volcanic area is characterized by a large andesitic dome, which is Levera Hill 848 ft. above sea level and other smaller domes to the north west of the area. This is thought to have been formed about 7.1 M years ago during the upper Miocene period. The volcanic rocks of the Levera Hill area lie directly on the deformed Tufton Hall formation which outcrops at various points on the nearby coast.
One of the primordial concerns of a National Parks and Protected Areas program is the protection of species and assemblages of species referred to as ecosystems. Plant species have contributed significantly to medicines and remedies and it is important to protect representative areas of the different ecosystems in Grenada as they may harbour valuable economic species. Vegetative types can be analyzed with reference to both climate and edaphic (soils) conditions. Rainfall, altitude above sea level, and the actual height of mountain peaks will generally define vegetative associations. Soils will also cause differences in vegetative associations as will human influences relevant to past and present land-use.
As noted, most of the forests of Grenada and Carriacou were converted into agriculture over the last two centuries. The best representative examples of forest ecosystems which remain in an unaltered state or in a good state of recovery have been recommended for inclusion within the system. The groups, series, formations, and associations based on (Beard, 1949) are presented in Table III. Table IV indicates which areas harbour the best ecosystem of its type in the country. The High North, Grand Etang, and Levera National Parks favour positively and as a result are the first priorities for development.
Three ecological associations are poorly represented.
(1) The Rain Forest and Lower Montane Rainforest which are referred to as the Dacryodes Licania association. The first example of this is in the Grand Etang Forest Reserve in the vicinity of the 7 Sister falls. The inaccessibility of this area made it uneconomical to harvest the timber or convert to agriculture.(2) The Deciduous Seasonal Formation was also largely converted to agricultural production over time. Today only small remnant forests remain, but some areas show signs of recurrence on abandoned agricultural estates.
(3) The Dry Coastal Belt is only fairly represented but is also recuperating on some of the peninsulas on the southern coast and on Levera Hill where the forests have been staging a comeback due to abandoned agricultural practices. As these forests become more mature approaching a climax state they should be revived for inclusion within the system.
The swamps, namely the mangrove and freshwater herbaceous ecosystems, are in a healthy state. Mangrove cutting for charcoal has caused a deterioration of the resource in Levera and North East Seascape but management actions to prohibit this activity have been initiated.
Wildlife is noted to play an increasing role in the economic and social development of the country. Two hunters groups consider hunting an important recreational activity as well as source of protein. Some local Creole dishes utilize wild meats which appeal to tourists and local people alike. The agouti Dasyprocta liporina is to be introduced into the wild. Liaison is occurring between Grenada and Trinidad and Tobago to provide a zoo and attempts will also be made to provide stock for the restoration of populations which have been depleted because of overhunting or habitat loss. An analysis has been made of the threatened and unique animal species (amphibian, reptile, bird, mammals, and fishes). The following Tables V through VIII indicate the species, status, habitat and principal units of the system where these species may be found.
Within this plan the following definition will apply to threatened species in Grenada and Carriacou:-
Endangered: taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if the casual factors continue operating.Vulnerable: taxa believed likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the causal factors continue operating.
Rare: taxa with small country populations that are not at present endangered or vulnerable, but are at risk.
Status uncertain: taxa that are suspected of belonging to one of the first three categories but for which insufficient information is currently available.
It should be noted in this section that although there has not been sufficient scientific study to determine exact ecological inter-dependencies and habitat requirements, an attempt has been made to assess habitat quality and animal species requirements. Having done this we can discern if specified wildlife species are able to find adequate habitat.
The protected areas program attempts to maintain examples of the representative habitats in a healthy state. This provides the aspiration that species can continue evolving in their environment and have a good chance of survival.
The National Parks and Protected Areas system in relation to cultural landmarks should be concerned primarily with in situ conservation and interpretation of monuments, sites, and structures which are representative of the various aspects of human life during the course of country's history. Expressions of Grenada's culture including artifacts, arts, traditions and preservation of historic buildings will not be the object of systematic attention, but will naturally be introduced in relation to the specific sites and resources incorporated within the system as recommended by the Grenada National Trust.
It is also understood that, for practical reasons, the urban environments should not be included within the framework at this stage. The links between urban heritage preservation and the establishment of a national park system however are significant and should be strengthened whenever feasible.
Two broad themes will guide the definition of the framework:
"Time": The evolution of the country and the history of its people.
"Space": The relationship between people and their environment. This relates to the use and transformation of the environment to satisfy human needs and to support economic activities.
The first theme can be divided into four main periods, namely:
- The pre-colombian era.- The pre-emancipation era (plantation system, sugar cane, slavery).
- The first emancipation era (diversification of pre-cultural production, establishment of peasantry, emancipation.)
- The contemporary period.
The second theme introduces:
- Human settlements (including architecture)- Production systems (including land use, agricultural production, and processing techniques.) These include:
* cane and sugar
* other export crops (coffee, nutmeg, cocoa, etc.) and
* fishing, boat building, and handicraft.
INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS OF CULTURAL LANDMARKS
|
Period |
Culture |
Landmark |
Date |
Reason for Protection |
Other Factors |
|
Pre-Columbian |
Arawaks Caribs |
Mt. Rich Amerindian Ruins* |
Pre-1498 |
Unique Petroglyps |
Beautiful River Setting |
|
|
|
Carib's Leap* |
1651 |
|
|
|
Colonial Period |
French-British Military wars |
Fort George* |
1706 |
Outstanding Engineering accomplishment |
1983 |
|
Introduction of coffee, cocoa |
|
Estates in general |
1714 |
|
|
|
Rum Distillery and French sugar manufacturing |
British African |
River Antoine |
1785 |
Oldest intact |
Fabulous setting |
|
|
East Indian |
Rum Distillery* |
1800's |
|
|
|
Slavery |
African East Indian |
Hermitage |
Early 1800's |
|
|
|
Emancipation |
African |
Fedon's Camp* |
1795 |
Civil & Political rights for Free coloureds |
|
|
|
East Indian |
|
1832 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1838 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1877 |
Slaves freed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Grenada becomes a Crown Colony |
|
|
Post Sugar cane British Plantation System French (spices, coffee, African nutmeg, cocoa, banana) |
East Indian |
Montreuil Estate |
1857 |
Productive Estate |
Beautiful setting |
|
Estates - Sugar cane, cocoa, nutmeg, production & Caribbean Style Architecture |
British |
The Tower* |
1916 |
|
|
|
Contemporary |
Grenadian |
Marquis Village* |
19th century |
Handicraft from wild pine |
|
|
Technology representing historical methods |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Grenadian |
Soubise* |
19th century |
Hand fashioned boats |
|
|
|
Grenadian |
Grenada Handicraft |
19th & 20th century |
Pottery |
|
|
|
|
Grencraft - St. George's |
|
Basket weaving Handicraft furniture |
|
* Recommended for protection within this plan.
TABLE II - GEOLOGIC FEATURES BY PERIOD AND THEIR REPRESENTATION IN THE NATIONAL PARKS SYSTEM
|
GEOLOGIC PERIOD |
FEATURE |
SIGNIFICANCE |
LOCATION |
REPRESENTATION WITHIN PARK SYSTEM |
|
Eocene to Lower Miocene |
folded and faulted sedimentary formation with some volcanic minerals and tufaceous horizons (Tufton Hall Formation) |
Oldest known rocks in Grenada. Deposited before vulcanism and then later deformed |
Levera Bay, just north of beach. Also, southern Annandale Fall |
Levera and Archipelago |
|
Andesite domes Mt. Rodney, & Mt. Alexander |
Oldest known Volcanic deposits in Grenada |
Grenada, West of Sauteurs |
|
|
|
Upper Miocene |
Andesite domes of Levera Hill and Levera (Sugar Loaf) Island |
Good example of dome features, also shows intrusion through Tufton Hall Formation |
Levera Bay |
Levera and Archipelago |
|
Basalt flows of Southeast Mountain |
Eruptive center for much of SE Grenada; also displays intense weathering of volcanic products |
Northern and Northeastern ridges of Southeast Mountain |
Grand Etang |
|
|
Andesite dome of Mt. Lebanon |
Eruptive center; displays a contrast in rock composition from nearby Southeast Mountain |
Mt. Lebanon |
Grand Etang |
|
|
Andesite dome of Fedon's Camp |
Locus of several eruptive centers which display variable rock compositions |
Fedon's Camp |
Grand Etang |
|
|
Pliocene |
Scoria and ash deposits |
Example of Pyroclastic fall rock type |
Quarantine Point |
Quarantine Point |
|
Mt. St. Catherine andesite lavas, mudflows, pyroclastic flows and hot springs. Also, crater morphology and crater infilling by dome andesite |
Youngest major eruptive center and highest point on Island. Displays a variety of rock types and geological processes |
Mt. St. Catherine |
Mt. St. Catherine |
|
|
Pleistocene |
Mt. Alexander Limestones exposed 100 m above sea level |
One of only a few limestone formations in Grenada; also evidence for geological uplift since pleistocene |
Mt. Alexander |
|
|
Scoria and ash deposits, with some volcanic bombs, High Cliff Point |
Excellent example of ash and scoria deposition. Also, volcanic bombs are present |
High Cliff Point |
Northern Seascape |
|
|
Lake Antoine explosion craters (tuff ring) |
Well-preserved example of an explosion crater and associated deposits |
Lake Antoine |
Lake Antoine |
|
|
Pleistocene |
Grand Etang explosion crater |
Well-preserved examples of explosion Craters in the Island's interior |
Grand Etang |
Grand Etang |
|
Hot Springs and Boiling Springs |
Indicates heat flow from depth |
River Salle and Mt. St. Catherine area |
River Salle |
|
|
Holocene (Recent) |
Rea Coastline and associated wetlands |
Indicates subsidence of the Southeast coastline |
Southeast coastline |
Southern Seascape |
|
Various ages |
Reworked (fluvially deposited) volcanic rocks |
Evidence of ancient erosion and deposition of volcanic products |
Marquis Island and mainland shore |
Marquis Island |
Note: The number of features presented for each geological period is not any indication of the amount of volcanic activity for that period. Features were chosen on the basis of significance, state of preservation, and their occurrence within the National Parks System.
TABLE III - EVALUATION OF THE VEGETATION OF GRENADA AND CARRIACOU BY REPRESENTATION IN THE NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM
A. GRENADA (Beard, 1949)
|
VEGETATION TYPES |
ASSESSMENT |
UNITS OF THE SYSTEM PROVIDING PRINCIPAL REPRESENTATION |
QUANTITY |
QUALITY |
|
Climatic |
|
|
|
|
|
1. Rain Forest and Lower Montane Rain Forest |
Most of this faciation has been exploited, only small sectors remain in a Virgin state and are presently in the Grand Etang Forest Reserve & between Mt. Qua Qua & Fedon's Camp |
Grand Etang |
Not Adequate |
Fair |
|
2. Montane Thicket |
Well represented around all peaks over 2000 feet. |
Grand Etang |
Adequate |
Excellent |
|
3. Elfin woodland |
Confined to summits of peaks of Grand Etang and Mt. St. Catherine |
Grand Etang |
Adequate |
Excellent |
|
4. Deciduous Seasonal Formation (Middle Belt). |
Minute areas still remain, this area is poorly represented |
Marquis River |
Not Adequate |
Fair |
|
Dry Coastal Belt. |
Very small areas remain, representation of this faciation is fair |
Canoe Bay |
Not Adequate |
Good |
|
5. Dry Evergreen Formation Littoral Woodland Seaside grape Machineel association |
Relatively well represented, but most coastal areas are being exploited for charcoal or decimated by goat grazing |
Northern Seascape |
Adequate |
Excellent |
|
Edaphic |
|
|
|
|
|
6. Herbaceous Swamp |
Two small Caldera Lakes |
Lake Antoine |
Adequate |
Good |
|
Mangrove Woodland |
Exploited all over for charcoal |
Levera |
Adequate |
Good |
B. CARRIACOU (Howard, 1950)
|
VEGETATION TYPES |
ASSESSMENT |
UNITS OF THE SYSTEM PROVIDING PRINCIPAL REPRESENTATION |
QUANTITY |
QUALITY |
|
Climatic |
|
|
|
|
|
1. Deciduous Seasonal Formation (Dry Woodland) |
Found only in the North and the Forest Reserves. This association badly affected by overgrazing |
High North Forest Reserve |
Adequate |
Good |
|
Dry Thorn-Cactus Scrub |
Badly over exploited by goat grazing |
High North Limlair-Thiboud |
Adequate |
Good |
|
Edaphic |
|
|
|
|
|
2. Mangrove Woodland |
Well represented primarily because the mangroves are not cropped for charcoal |
High North Lauriston-Mabouya Tyrrel Bay |
Adequate |
Excellent |
TABLE IV - PRIORITY AREAS FOR PROTECTION OF REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES OF GRENADA ECOSYSTEMS
|
* |
Large Area |
|
o |
Medium to small area |
|
x |
Best in Country |
|
Parks are listed in order from most diverse to lease diverse (excluding Cultural Landmarks & Multiple Use) |
LITTORAL WOODLAND |
CACTUS SCRUB |
DRY WOODLAND |
MOIST FOREST |
RAIN FOREST |
CLOUD FOREST |
"ELFIN WOODLAND" |
RIVERINE WOODLAND |
FRESHWATER HERBACIOUS SWAMP |
MANGROVE - MUDFLATS |
ESTUARY |
SALT POND |
SEAGRASS BED |
CORAL REEF |
SMALL ISLAND ECOSYSTEM |
OBSERVATIONS |
|
HIGH NORTH |
* |
* |
x |
|
|
o |
|
|
|
x |
o |
* |
* |
* |
|
Highest Peak in Carriacou |
|
GRAND ETANG |
|
|
|
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
High Tourism/Scenic Value |
|
LEVERA |
* |
x |
* |
* |
|
|
|
* |
|
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
x |
High Tourism/Scenic Value |
|
SALINE ISLAND/WHITE ISLAND |
* |
* |
* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
* |
|
x |
* |
x |
* |
Excellent nesting habitat-birds and Iguanas |
|
MT. ST. CATHERINE |
|
|
|
|
* |
* |
* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Highest peak in Grenada |
|
NORTHERN SEASCAPE |
x |
* |
* |
|
|
|
|
* |
|
* |
* |
* |
* |
* |
|
Finfish Production |
|
LAURISTON-MABOUYA SANDY ISLE |
* |
* |
o |
|
|
|
|
|
|
* |
|
|
o |
* |
* |
High Tourism/Scenic Value |
|
TYRREL BAY |
o |
o |
|
|
|
|
|
o |
|
* |
* |
o |
o |
o |
|
Breeding & nesting habitat. Finfish production |
|
HOG ISLAND |
* |
* |
* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
o |
|
o |
* |
* |
* |
High Tourism/Scenic Value |
|
LA SAGESSE |
* |
* |
* |
|
|
|
|
* |
|
* |
* |
* |
x |
* |
|
Best Salt Pond in Grenada |
|
SOUTHERN SEASCAPE |
* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
* |
|
* |
* |
|
* |
* |
|
Important for finfish production Product Estuary |
|
MOLINERE REEF |
* |
* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
o |
* |
|
Finest Reefs in Grenada |
|
LA BAYE ROCK |
|
o |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* |
* |
* |
Breeding & Nesting habitat |
|
LIMLAIR-THIBOUD |
* |
* |
|
|
|
|
|
o |
|
|
o |
|
* |
* |
|
High Cultural value |
|
CALIVIGNY ISLAND |
* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
o |
|
o |
* |
* |
* |
High Tourism/Scenic Value |
|
LAKE ANTOINE |
|
|
* |
|
|
|
|
|
x |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Unique Ecosystem |
|
SABAZAN |
o |
o |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
o |
o |
|
High Cultural value |
|
MARQUIS ISLAND |
o |
* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* |
* |
* |
Area of Geologic Interest |
|
ANNANDALE FALLS |
|
|
|
o |
|
|
|
* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
High Recreation Potential |
|
MARQUIS RIVER |
|
|
|
o |
|
|
|
* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
High Recreation Potential |
|
CONCORD FALLS |
|
|
|
o |
|
|
|
* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
High Recreation Potential |
|
QUARANTINE POINT |
o |
o |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
High Recreation Potential |
|
RIVER SALLEE BOILING SPRINGS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Area of Geologic Interest |
TABLE V - THREATENED AMPHIBIAN SPECIES AND THEIR PROTECTION IN THE NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM
|
SPECIES |
STATUS |
SOME HABITAT REQUIREMENTS |
PRINCIPAL UNITS OF THE SYSTEM PROVIDING HABITAT |
|
Giant toad |
Rare |
Somewhat common in forest areas |
Grand Etang N.P. |
|
Piping frog |
Status Uncertain |
Forested areas |
Grand Etang N.P. |
|
Highland piping frog |
Status Uncertain |
Confined to virgin forests of the Grand Etang area |
Grand Etang N.P. |
|
Giant woodland frog |
Status Uncertain |
Forested Areas |
Grand Etang N.P. |
TABLE VI - THREATENED REPTILE SPECIES AND THEIR PROTECTION IN THE NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM
|
SPECIES |
STATUS |
SOME HABITAT REQUIREMENTS |
PRINCIPAL UNITS OF THE SYSTEM PROVIDING HABITAT | |
|
SNAKES |
|
|
| |
|
(Grenada has no venomous snakes) |
|
|
| |
|
White headed worm snake (Leptotypholops margaritae) |
Status Uncertain |
Forested Areas |
Levera N.P. | |
|
The Tree boa or (Corallus (enydris cookii) |
Status Uncertain |
Forested, normally dry areas |
Levera N.P. | |
|
Boddaert's Tree Snake (Mastigodryas bruesi) |
Rare |
Forested, normally dry areas grassland and open forest |
Hog Island N.L. | |
|
(Clelia clelia) |
Status Uncertain |
Wet forested areas |
Grand Etang N.P. | |
|
Neuweid's moon snake (Pseudoboa neuwiedi) |
Endangered Possibly Extinct |
Forested areas |
Grand Etang N.P. | |
|
Shaw's Racer (Liophis melanotus) |
Endangered Possibly Extinct |
Wet forested areas |
Grand Etang N.P. | |
|
(Typhlops tasymicris) |
Rare, Known only from the St. David's Parish |
Moist Forested area |
Levera N.P. | |
|
LIZARDS* |
|
|
| |
|
Crested anole or tree lizard (Anolis richardi) |
Status Uncertain |
Forested areas |
High North N.P. | |
|
(Iguana iguana) |
Threatened Possible sub-species |
Dry thorn scrub |
Hog Island N.L. | |
|
Garman ground lizard (Ameiva tobagana) |
Status Uncertain |
Forested areas |
Northern Seascape | |
|
Alien's Ground lizard (Bachia heteropus alleni) |
Status Uncertain |
Lowland dry scrub forest |
Northern Seascape P.S | |
|
South Antillean Slippery back lizard (Mabuya mabouya) |
Status Uncertain |
Lowland dry scrub forest |
Northern Seascape P.S | |
* Some lizards are in danger of extinction from the devastation of the mongoose. (Groom 1970)
THREATENED REPTILE SPECIES AND THEIR PROTECTION IN THE NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM
|
SPECIES |
STATUS |
SOME HABITAT REQUIREMENTS |
PRINCIPAL UNITS OF THE SYSTEM PROVIDING HABITAT |
|
SEA TURTLES* AND OTHERS |
|
|
|
|
Green turtle |
Endangered |
Nesting in small sheltered bays, feeds near eel grass beds |
Northern Seascape P.S. |
|
Hawksbill turtle |
Endangered |
Nesting in small sheltered bays |
Northern Seascape P.S. |
|
Leatherback |
Endangered |
Nesting on open beaches with strong surf |
Northern Seascape P.S. |
|
Loggerhead turtle |
Endangered |
Nesting in small sheltered bays |
Northern Seascape P.S. |
|
Ridley or Kemp's |
Endangered |
Nesting in small sheltered bays |
Northern Seascape P.S. |
|
Morocoy tortoise |
Threatened possibly extinct in the wild in Grenada (Groom, 1970) |
Forested Area Small Islands |
Grand Etang N.P. |
* Most Sea Turtles are endangered because they are hunted for their meat and shells, and because their habitat for nesting, the beaches, are becoming developed. The five potential beach sites which provide suitable habitat for the sea turtles are mentioned but there is need for added research.
TABLE VII THREATENED BIRD SPECIES AND THEIR PROTECTION IN THE NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM
|
SPECIES |
STATUS |
HABITAT |
PRINCIPAL UNITS OF THE SYSTEM PROVIDING HABITAT |
|
Audubon's shearwater (Puffinus iherminieri) |
Vulnerable |
Remote area; with coastal cliffs |
Saline Island/White Island |
|
Bat falcon (Falco rufigularis) |
Vulnerable |
Montane rain forest |
Grand Etang |
|
Black skimmer (Rynchops nigra) |
Vulnerable |
Sea Coast |
Saline Island/White Island |
|
Black-crowned night-heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) |
Vulnerable |
Mangrove swamp |
High North |
|
Black tern (Childonias niger) |
Vulnerable |
Sea Coast |
Northern Seascape |
|
Blue-ground dove (Claravis pretiosa) |
Vulnerable |
Montane rain forest and tropical deciduous forest |
Grand Etang |
|
Blue-hooded euphonia (Euphonia musica) |
Endangered |
Montane rain forest |
Grand Etang |
|
Blue tailed emerald humming bird (Chlorostilbon mellisugus) |
Endangered |
Tropical forest |
Levera |
|
Bridled-tern (Sterna anaethetus) |
Vulnerable |
Remote areas with coastal cliffs |
High North |
|
Broad-winged hawk (Buteo platypterus) |
Endangered |
Tropical rain and lower montane forest |
Mt. St. Catherine |
|
Brown booby (Sula leucogaster) |
Vulnerable |
Remote areas with cliffs, crevices and sparse vegetation |
La Baye Rock |
|
Brown-crested flycatcher (Myiarchus tyrannulus) |
Vulnerable |
Semi-deciduous secondary forest |
La Sagesse |
|
Brown noddy (Anous stolidus) |
Vulnerable |
Remote areas with steep cliffs, crevices and sparse vegetation |
La Baye Rock |
|
Brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) |
Vulnerable |
Isolated areas with steep cliffs, crevices and sparse vegetation |
Saline Island/White Island |
|
Caribbean martin (Progne dominicensis) |
Vulnerable |
Remote areas with steep coastal cliffs |
Northern Seascape |
|
Common stilt (Himantopus himantopus) |
Vulnerable |
Mangrove swamp |
Levera |
|
Common snipe (Breeding) (Gallinago gallinago) |
Endangered |
Marsh and forest |
Levera |
|
Everglade kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis) |
Endangered |
Herbaceous swamp |
Levera |
|
Fulvous tree-duck (Dendrocygna bicolor) |
Endangered |
Mangrove and herbaceous swamp |
Levera |
|
Grenada flycatcher (Myiarchus nugator) |
Endemic Vulnerable |
Dry Thorn scrub |
White/Saline Levera |
|
Grenada dove (Leptotilia wellsi) |
Endemic Endangered |
Xerophytic scrublands |
Canoe bay |
|
Garnet throated hummingbird (Evlampis jugularis) |
Vulnerable |
Forest |
Grand Etang |
|
Gray kingbird (Tyrannus dominicensis) |
Vulnerable |
Herbaceous swamp |
Grand Etang |
|
Great egret (Breeding) (Casmerodius albus) |
Endangered |
Mangrove swamp |
Tyrrel Bay |
|
Green heron (Butorides virescens) |
Vulnerable |
Sea-coast and mangrove swamp |
High North |
|
Large-billed seed-finch (Dryzoborus crassirostris) |
Endangered |
Herbaceous swamp |
Lake Antoine |
|
Laughing gull (Larus atricilla) |
Vulnerable |
Remote island with steep coastal areas and cliffs |
La Baye Rock |
|
Least tern (Sterna albifrons) |
Vulnerable |
Sea coast |
Northern Seascape |
|
Lesser Antillean Bullfinch (Loxigilla noctis) |
Vulnerable |
Sea Coast |
High North |
|
Lesser antillean tanager (Tangara cucullata) |
Vulnerable |
Sea Coastal Mangrove swamp |
White/Saline |
|
Lesser elaenia (Elaenia chiriguensis) |
Endangered |
Marsh and forest |
Southern Seascape |
|
Lesser seed-finch (Oryzoborus angolensis) |
Endangered |
Herbaceous swamp and marsh forest palm marsh and deciduous forest |
High North |
|
Lesser swallow-tailed swift (Panyptila cayennensis) |
Vulnerable |
Montane rain forest |
Grand Etang |
|
Limpkin (Aramus guarauna) |
Endangered |
Herbaceous swamp |
Lake Antoine |
|
Little blue heron (Florida caerulea) |
Vulnerable |
Sea coast and mangrove swamp |
Southern Seascape |
|
Magnificent frigate-bird (Fregata magnificens) |
Vulnerable |
Isolated areas with steep cliffs, crevices and sparse vegetation |
La Baye Rock |
|
Mangrove cuckoo (Coccyzus minor) |
Vulnerable |
Mangrove swamp |
Levera |
|
Masked duck (Oxyura dominical) |
Endangered |
Mangrove swamp |
Levera |
|
Plain-breasted ground-dove (Columbina minuta) |
Vulnerable |
Marsh and forest |
Northern Seascape |
|
Red-billed tropic bird (Phaethon aethereus) |
Vulnerable |
Isolated areas with coastal cliffs |
La Baye Rock |
|
Roseate tern (Sterna dougallii) |
Vulnerable |
Remote island with coastal cliffs |
Saline/White Island |
|
Royal tern (Sterna maxima) |
Vulnerable |
Isolated area with steep cliffs, crevices and sparse vegetation |
Hog Island |
|
Ruddy quail-dove (Geotrygon montana) |
Vulnerable |
Montaine rain forest |
Mt. St. Catherine |
|
Sandwich tern (Sterna sandvicensis) |
Vulnerable |
Remote areas with steep cliffs, crevices and sparse vegetation |
Southern Seascape |
|
Scaley breasted thrasher (Margarops fuscas) |
Endangered Possibly Extinct |
Dry thorn scrub |
White/Saline |
|
Scarlet ibis (Eudocimus ruber) |
Endangered Possibly Extinct |
Mangrove swamp |
Levera |
|
Snowy egret (Egretta thula) |
Vulnerable |
Sea coast and mangrove swamp |
Southern Seascape |
|
Sooty tern (Sterna fuscata) |
Vulnerable |
Remote areas with steep cliffs, crevices and sparse vegetation |
Northern Seascape |
|
Spotted rail (Rallus maculatus) |
Vulnerable |
Mangrove swamp |
Tyrrel Bay |
|
Swallow-tailed Kite (Elanoides forficatus) |
Endangered |
Montane rain forest |
Mt. St. Catherine |
|
White-cheeked pintail (Anas bahamensis) |
Vulnerable |
Mangrove forest and sea-coast |
High North |
|
White-necked thrush (Turdus albicollis) |
Vulnerable |
Tropical forest |
High North |
|
Yellow-billed tern (Sterna superciliaris) |
Vulnerable |
Sea coast |
Northern Seascape |
TABLE VIII - THREATENED MAMMAL SPECIES AND THEIR PROTECTION IN THE NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM
|
SPECIES |
STATUS |
HABITAT |
PRINCIPAL UNITS OF THE SYSTEM PROVIDING HABITAT |
|
Nine-banded armadillo (tatou) (Dasypus novemcinctus novemcinctus) |
Rare |
Forested as well as areas of mixed vegetation |
Grand Etang N.P. |
|
Lesser Chapman's murine opposum (Marmosa fuscata cam) |
Vulnerable |
Forested, normally dry areas |
Levera N.P. |
|
Greater Chapman's murine opposum (Marmosa robinsoni chapmani) |
Rare |
Forested areas |
Grand Etang N.P. |
|
Agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) |
Endangered Possibly Extinct |
Forested areas |
Grand Etang N.P. |
|
FISH FAUNA |
DISTRIBUTION |
PRINCIPAL UNITS OF THE SYSTEM PROVIDING HABITAT |
|
Freshwater Fish |
|
|
|
Antillean fish fauna dominated by gobies, mountain mullets, cling fish and several sea run species |
Endangered due to sedimentation and pollution in the river systems from inappropriate land-use practices on steep slopes |
Grand Etang N.P. |
|
Tete-chien (Syn bronchus marmoratus) |
Rare |
Northern P.S. |
|
Go bird fish (Cicydium phimieri) |
Rare |
Northern P.S. |
