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Chapter V - The units of the national park system

Grenada
Carriacou

The National Park System's Plan envisages the creation of units in both Grenada and Carriacou. A National Parks program is necessary to carry out the Government of Grenada policy and objectives for the protection and use of the outstanding natural heritage resources of the Country.

The following section provides a summary of each area within the system, gives its significance, the principal management objectives and a synopsis of the initial management activities that will be required for the area.

Grenada

National parks
Natural landmarks
Protected seascapes
Cultural landmarks
Multiple use areas

NATIONAL PARKS AND PROTECTED AREAS (Grenada) - GOVERNMENT OF GRENADA/OAS PROJECT THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF A SYSTEM OF NATIONAL PARKS AND PROTECTED AREAS

National parks

(i) GRAND ETANG

Location: In the South-centre of Grenada North-east of the town of St. George's.

Summary Description: Located within the Central Mountain Range in the Southern half of the Island. The unit extends from the North-west to the South-east, encompassing the several mountain peaks which rise to over 2000 feet. Included are the peaks of Mount Grandby, Fedon's Camp and Mount Qua Qua. Several of these contain old crater basins one of which is occupied by a large crater lake - Grand Etang, 1740 feet above sea level. The craters represent different centers of volcanic activities between the Miocene and Pleistocene geological periods.

The vegetation cover is characterized by Montane and Elfin forest on the steeper slopes throughout the higher region. There the trees are smaller at lower altitudes and are more thickly covered with epiphytes such as ferns and mosses. On exposed ridges and high peaks amidst the drifting clouds the densely growing trees are stunted and twisted into strange shapes, hence the name "Elfin Woodland".

This rugged isolated area provides habitat for many species of birds, mammals and reptiles that are endangered through excessive hunting, trapping, or habitat loss.

The land capability survey indicates that most of that area has greater than the 30 percent slope or falls into the "E" slope category and is therefore unsuitable for agricultural use.

The area is also of historic importance because the summit, referred to as Fedon's Camp, was the center of the Fedon's rebellion against the British after the Island was restored to Great Britain by the Treaty of Versailles in 1783.

Visitors to the Grand Etang Lake follow the self-guiding environmental education trail which indicates points of interest.

Significance of Area: The south central mountains represent one of the most outstanding natural forest areas on the Island. It provides excellent habitat for the endangered species on the Island including the nine banded armadillo, and wholly opossum. The agouti, thought to be extinct is to be re-introduced into the area in 1987. The Grand Etang mountain area is important because it is the major catchment area for the domestic water supply of the Southern part of the Island including St. George's. It is also an important scientific, educational and recreational area in close proximity to the capital and major tourist development.

Participants of the first Environment Education Workshop held in the Grand Etang Forest Centre drew up an interpretive plan for the area.

Management Objectives: To protect the natural forest ecosystem in an undisturbed condition and provide habitat for fauna particularly those threatened with extinction. Also to provide opportunities for environmental education, research and low density recreation.

Activities: Demarcation of Park's boundaries, continuation of the upgrading of Grand Etang's Interpretation Center and nature trails. Develop a management programme for the national park.

(ii) LEVERA AND ARCHIPELAGO:

Location: The North-eastern end of the Island including the Levera pond and three Islands to the North-east.

Summary Description: Included within the Levera Archipelago National Park are two conical shaped hills, one on the mainland known as Levera Hill, and the other forming an Island called "Sugar Loaf" or Levera Island. Between these two peaks is a depression occupied by twenty three (23) acres of water known as the Levera Pond. This is surrounded by red and white mangroves and has an outlet to the sea.

Also included within this unit are Green and Sandy Islands and the marine area between these and the mainland.

The flora includes one of the largest areas of mangrove swamp in the Country. This mangrove ecosystem is highly productive and probably the most important habitat for many important aquatic species as well as other species of birds including the scarlet ibis. This mangrove swamp is the northern most extension of the scarlet ibis.

Hundreds of visitors travel to Levera National Park every weekend for swimming and hiking.

Sand mining on unauthorized beaches causes accelerated erosion of the coastline and threatens the long term appropriate use of these resources.

This unit is the only representative area of the coastal type vegetation developed in areas of a marked dry season and constant saline air. Coconut palm, cactus, and woody scrub growth occupy the drier upland areas adjacent to the mangrove swamp. The area provides habitat for many species of indigenous wild life including the iguana and land crabs.

The coastal area is reputed to be the most scenic and spectacular in the Country. The many white sand beaches are important hatching ground for turtles while the marine areas are famous for their coral reefs and sea grass beds that provide food and shelter for lobsters and many beautiful reef fishes.

The land capability study indicates that the area is marginal for agricultural purposes since it has very shallow saline soil and is very dry for almost nine months of the year.

Significance of Area: The Levera pond and extensive mangrove swamp represents the most outstanding example of the mangrove swamp ecosystem on the Island of Grenada. It provides the only habitat where a large variety of birds and aquatic life can be observed. It is the only roosting area in Grenada for the scarlet ibis.

The area forms an interesting example of the land/water interface. It provides nutrients for finfish and shellfish important to the fishing industry and provides an area of floodwaters storage.

It is a relatively isolated area that will be in great demand for the development of tourism accommodations. Levera is therefore an important recreation and education area that is of aesthetic and scientific value.

Management Objectives: To protect the mangrove ecosystem and to provide opportunities for environmental education and interpretation. To protect this unique natural environment, off-shore islands and marine resources while allowing the development of appropriate recreational activities.

Activities: Acquisition of land and islands by the State for the benefit of the present and future generations. Preparation of management and development plan in conjunction with the villagers who presently use the area.

(iii) MOUNT ST. CATHERINE

Location: Northern center of the Island, east of the towns of Gouyave and Victoria and west of the old Pearls airstrip.

Summary Description: Mount Saint Catherine at 2,756 feet above sea level is the highest mountain peak in the Country. It is a large volcanic mountain formed during the pleistocene glacial epoch and has a large open crater on the south side. Many peaks and ridges surround it forming the north central mountain range, which are out cropped by acid andesites and dacites.

The vegetation within this area is virtually undisturbed by hurricanes. Elfin and Montane forest are dominated by Micropholis chrysophylloides, Licania ternatensis, Euterpe globosa and Dacryodes excelsa.

The area provides habitat for many species of indigenous wildlife. This is the only area within the country that is not dissected by roads.

Above the 1600 feet contour line which demarcates the park boundary, the land is mostly covered by natural or partially disturbed forest. The area is steep, rugged and very difficult to access for agricultural purposes although the area is used for hunting and recreation. Land capability studies recommend that with the exception of a few small patches of gentle slopes the area should remain under indigenous forest cover. Over 90% of the National Park falls into Land use category Vie, and is therefore unsuitable for cultivation.

Significance of Area: The Mount St. Catherine range represents the least disturbed ecosystem in the north of Grenada.

It is also the major water catchment area or source of domestic water for the towns and villages of the northern half of Grenada.

Management Objectives: To protect in an undisturbed condition the important natural associations and landforms within the area and to provide adventurous recreational pursuits.

Activities: Establishment of boundaries and the development of a Management Programme emphasizing enforcement of regulations geared towards the protection of the area.

Natural landmarks

(1) LAKE ANTOINE

Location: Eastern side of Grenada approximately six miles north of the town Grenville.

Summary Description: Lake Antoine occupies about 16 acres within a perfect crater in the north east of the Island. It represents an excellent example of a crater lake formed by volcanic eruptions. The crater was once a volcano which collapsed into its present crater like form. The water level of the crater lake is normally not more than twenty feet above sea level. The feature is both geomorphologically and aesthetical interesting. While the lower slopes have been used for agricultural purposes, the crest is still covered with forest.

The area recommended for protection is privately owned and forms part of the River Antoine that is of historic importance for its functional sugar mill and rum refinery.

The lake is also an important nesting ground for many species of birds and other wildlife. Although remotely located, the feature is well visited by tourist and locals.

Significance of Area: The Lake Antoine crater is a geologically unique phenomenon and is reported to be one of the most scenic features throughout the Island.

Management Objectives: To maintain the crater lake as an aesthetically attractive environment and provide for interpretation of the geological, historical and natural features of the landmark.

Activities: Develop a land use and interpretation plan together with the owners emphasizing the provision of visitor facilities, maintenance of roads and infrastructure to the crater lake. An environmental education trail will be designed to indicate points of interest.

(ii) CONCORD FALLS

Location: Within the Concord Valley, along the Concord River between Mount Qua Qua and the West Coast.

Summary Description: Along the Concord River two very picturesque natural waterfalls exist apparently formed by the erosion of a band of soft rock. Located downstream, a band of hard rock was formed by the extension of lava from the eruptions. This is part of the lava flow that created the south central mountain system. The Concord (or first falls) utilized by dozens of recreationalists on a given weekend is located at the eastern end of a properly surfaced access way. The waterfall plunges approximately thirty five feet creating a pool of fresh water ideally suited for swimming.

The adjacent lands are privately owned and the owner is in the process of establishing a snack and rest-house facility. About 10 minutes hike upstream along a well constructed trail is the Fountainbleau Falls. Here the water gushes down the cliff face for about 65 feet accumulating in a very clear fresh water pool. The area has plantations of banana, nutmeg and cocoa, Grenada's main export crops.

Significance of Area: The falls are notable geographic features which need to be maintained and enhanced. The high scenic and bathing qualities of the falls and their basins have contributed to the area being a traditionally popular recreation and picnic site. Additionally they are of great educational value for students with a keen interest in the natural processes of erosion and weathering.

Management Objectives: The area will be managed to protect the aesthetic and water quality of the waterfalls and pools. Planning and Management are also very critical in providing additional facilities and maintaining the level of satisfaction achieved by the visitor. The plantations of export crops should be maintained and tied into the tourist experience.

Activities: Enhancement of scenic quality through maintenance of pool side and trails. Negotiate right of way through private property and work together with land owner on preparation of a management and development plan. Continue trail development and beautification. Develop environmental education programs which discuss geology, watershed management, multiple use and the agricultural export oriented drive of Grenada.

(iii) ANNANDALE FALLS

Location: Within the Beausejour River Valley west of Grand Etang lake.

Summary Description: Annandale waterfall was formed by the same process as explained in the case of the Concord Falls. This natural landmark however is already established as a major recreation area and is one of the most accessible in the country. Two separate waterfalls are present where the water plunges approximately 30 feet into a fresh water pool where visitors picnic and swim. The adjacent lands are State owned and are recommended in this report as a multiple use area.

Significance of Area: The area is an important geographic feature which is a classic representation of a geological out crop of the Tufton Hall Formation. This feature is to be protected and enhanced for public use both as an interpretation center and for recreational endeavours.

Activities: Once the renovation of buildings is completed, it will increase the quality of recreation attained at this landmark. It is also necessary to implement a management programme that would improve the aesthetics and provide interpretation activities to visitors. Environmental education programs should be developed to illustrate the importance of the multiple use areas surrounding the falls for agriculture, forestry, water quality, and recreation.

(iv) MARQUIS ISLAND

Location: Marquis Island is a small land mass located east of the Soubise point on the east coast of Grenada.

Summary Description: The Marquis Island and surrounding coral reef and eel grass marine ecosystems provide outstanding opportunities for recreation in a scenic environment. This area of geological interest was at one time part of the mainland. Ash layers formed by the volcanic eruptions as far away as the Grand Etang and Mount St. Catherine are visible.

Vegetation consists of the dry thorn scrub cactus environment referred to as the Deciduous Seasonal Formation. As farming once sporadically occurred on the island, there are remnants of an old foundation. In the drier, eastern section of the island (Sesuvium sp.) and other ground succulents can be identified.

Significance of the Area: This area represents an excellent example of volcanic ash stratification as well as a place of interest for an afternoon tourism experience. Boats could be rented at Soubise and utilized to visit both Marquis Island and La Baye Rock.

Management Objectives: To provide protection to the natural features in order to encourage breeding and nesting of sea birds while providing opportunities for recreation and tourism.

Activities: Development of a landing dock and trail system to encourage tourism; implementation of a zoning plan in order to protect habitat for iguana and shore birds.

(v) RIVER SALLEE BOILING SPRING

Location: The boiling springs are located in the northeast of the Island approximately 1 and 1/2 miles north of Lake Antoine and south of Levera Pond.

Summary Description: The springs are located in the River Sallee area and occupy some 594 square meters of land with a surface made of soft porous volcanic sediments. There are approximately six (6) holes scattered within the area. The largest hole is approximately two (2) meters deep and five (5) meters in circumference filled with muddy brown water. The other holes are much smaller filled with very clean highly saline water, however orange yellow sulphur deposits are present in run off channels. The water temperature reaches approximately 35°C.

Significance of Area: The boiling springs are significant not only for their unique geology but also because it is an area of spiritual importance for the local residents. Members of the Baptist faith visit the area frequently to perform spiritual rituals and baptism. Visitors also throw coins into the fountain while they make a wish. The feature is also significant because of its exceptional characteristic of highly saline acidic water more than one mile from the sea. It is possible that there is an association between the active kick-em-jenny marine volcano and the boiling spring.

Management Objectives: To protect the boiling springs of the area and provide opportunities for interpretation and further research. To provide easy access through trails and to clean up the area to improve the areas attractiveness.

Activities: Prepare a management and interpretation plan in association with the land owner. Clean up site and improve access.

(vi) HOG ISLAND

Location: Along the southern coast of the Island within the Woburn Bay.

Summary Description: Hog Island and surrounding coral reef and eel grass marine ecosystems provide outstanding representation of an island for the most part undisturbed by man. The island is thickly covered with Acacia, manchineel and Leucaena of the Deciduous Seasonal Formation. The Western coastline is covered with undisturbed mangrove forest while the eastern coastline is famous for the many shallow reefs and submerged platforms. The geology of the Island shows that it is primarily of sedimentary formation. A main fault lying in a north-west/south-east direction dissects the Island.

Significance of the Area: Hog Island is a volcanic representation of an undisturbed island ecosystem. With the exception of approximately fifteen (15) head of cattle introduced about two years ago, there is little evidence of man's activity. The Island is privately owned and trespassing strictly controlled.

The island is also significant for its aesthetic and recreational quality. A number of white sand sheltered beaches exist along the coast. Many of these are protected by shallow reefs or occur interspersed within the mangrove.

Management Objectives: To protect the natural marine and terrestrial ecosystems in their undisturbed condition and to maintain the areas high quality recreational opportunities. Actions will be initiated to remove the introduced species from the Island in order to encourage nesting birds such as the brown booby and reptiles such as the iguana.

Activities: Preparation of a management and development plan in conjunction with the owner and other interested parties. Development of an environmental education program which discusses the vulcanism, the function of a caldera, and the evolution of a marsh ecosystem.

(vii) QUARANTINE POINT

Location: Between the Grand Anse and Morne Rouge Bay. A peninsula with an apparent east/west dissection.

Summary Description: Quarantine Point is an outstanding landmark in the south of Grenada between the Grand Anse and Morne Rouge bays. The area is of geological significance since it forms the rim of the most southerly crater lake on the Island. This crater, formed in geologically recent times, is associated with the many craters on the Island's north east. The peninsula shows very interesting rock stratification and is of outstanding beauty.

The vegetation on the peninsula consists of dry thorn scrub and cactus. The rocks are important nesting grounds for the many birds common to the south coast. The area was named during the late 19th century when leprosy was a major disease and the peninsula was used as a quarantine station to ensure that carriers of the disease did not enter the mainland.

Significance of the Area: The peninsula is of prime significance for its aesthetic and recreational quality. Quarantine Point is located within the fast developing Grand Anse/Morne Rouge belt and requires urgent protection. Inappropriate development activity can lead to the loss of this scenic natural heritage resource. The point is easily accessible to the majority of the Grenadian population and would provide open space for recreation facilities as the pressures for use of the neigbouring beaches intensify. Since the point is visible from almost any point in St. George's it is critical that it is managed carefully so as not to destroy the interesting landscape.

Management Objectives: To maintain the interesting scenic and recreational qualities of the peninsula.

Activities: Designation of the peninsula as a natural landmark. Preparation of development plan outlining proposed uses. Develop facilities that would enhance scenic features and allow for increased recreational use.

(viii) LA BAYE ROCK - (Telescope Rock) Location: Off Telescope point.

Summary Description: This small Island represents one of the few totally natural environments in Grenada. As a result, large iguanas and nesting brown bobbies may be seen, as well as pristine dry thorn scrub forest. Coral reefs surround the Island.

Significance of the Area: The Island is an excellent example of animals interacting with an environment without the impacts of man. The island was formed in the Pleistocene geologic epoch.

Management Objectives: To protect the natural setting and initiate research into the fauna present on the Island and their status (nesting, breeding, roosting). To organize a boat tour which departs from Soubise and visits Marquis Island for a hike and La Baye Rock to view wildlife in an untouched state.

Activities: Development of environmental research programmes and tour visits which tie into the islandwide environmental education program to be initiated in the school systems.

(ix) THE MARQUIS RIVER WATERFALL

Location: A 1/2 hour hike up the Marquis River from the southern main road, just south of the town of Marquis in the parish of St. David's.

Summary Description: The Marquis area is rich in cultural heritage sites such as the French church and weaving from wild pine in the town of Marquis, and the ruins of the Post Royal Military Fort. The Marquis River waterfall can be tied into an eventful outing with these other attractions such as the La Sagesse Protected Seascape.

The 1/2 hour hike to the waterfall following the Marquis River is highly scenic and presents several pools and interesting geologic formations. Agricultural crops are planted along the way and a wide diversity of wild fruit trees will seasonally provide the hiker with a refreshing snack.

Very little of the original dry forest type remains as much of the area has been converted to agriculture. The vegetation surrounding the falls is quite mature because of the constant humidity generated by the mist.

Significance of the Area: The area is highly scenic and provides a recreational opportunity for the town of Grenville, and a valuable tourist resource for the Country.

Management Objectives: To maintain or encourage a natural belt of vegetation -along the river, to develop a walking trail, and provide outdoor recreational opportunities.

Activities: Determination of boundaries along the river, preparation of a management and development plan, initiation of management activities. Design and implementation of a Eastern Main Road tour which leaves daily from hotels and tours the Southern zone of the Island. Points of interest would include; The Tower C.L., the Bay Gardens, Westerhall Sugar Mill, La Sagesse Protected Seascape, Marquis Village, Marquis Island and La Baye Rock, and the Grand Etang Nature Centre.

Protected seascapes

(i) NORTH EAST SEASCAPE

Location: The North East Seascape protected area extends from the Telescope Rock to the south to the Bathway Beach to the north.

Summary Description: The North East Seascape extends for approximately six miles and is composed of magnificent cliffs, excellent wide sandy beaches, and patches of mangrove swamps.

From Telescope point northwards approximately two miles there is an excellent beach. Behind the high water mark is well developed windswept vegetation composed of coconut palms, almonds, and manchineel. Behind the Conference Bay there is approximately six acres of black and white mangroves however the outer fringe of this system has been severely damaged as a result of cropping for charcoal production. Cattle rearing has also caused a change in the vegetative association.

Between Conference Point and High Cliff point to the north is the Antoine Bay. The southern half of the coastline is occupied by a sandy beach while the northern half is strewned with rocks and boulders. Within the seascape one finds very outstanding cliff formations particularly the Bathway and High Cliffs.

The coastline is different to the others identified within this system plan since it is an open coastline exposed to the constant prevailing trade winds. As a consequence the surf is amplified resulting in heavy breakers and wide variation in water levels. Beach processes can easily be identified within the area. The magnificent beaches are also important turtle nesting sites that are being increasingly mined for construction purposes.

Significant of the area: The area represents the most natural stretch of open beach and undisturbed picturesque cliffs in the country. Within it is a critical mangrove ecosystem that is slowly being degraded through exploitation for charcoal. The area is not only important for the nesting and feeding of birds, turtles and iguanas but also for research and environmental education and interpretation.

Activities: Co-operation with the few large landowners in the area. Preparation of a management and development plan, monitor and regulate critical activities including sand mining, turtle cropping, egg collection and charcoal production.

(ii) SOUTHERN SEASCAPE

Location: The protected seascape on the south coast is comprised of a number of units made of up of different points, inlets and bays. These include from east to west the lands immediately surrounding the Westerhall Bay, Chemin Bay, Egmont Harbour, west coast of Hog Island, eastern coastline of Mount Hartman Point, Canoe and Devil's Bay. The protected seascape also includes the southern most points and associated reefs of Point Egmont (including Adam Island), Fort Jeudy Point and Mount Hartman Point.

Summary Description: The area is well known for its scenic value and outstanding fisheries and recreational resources. The areas chosen as protected seascape includes mainly well developed highly productive mangrove coastlines. These are located in well sheltered inlets that are not easily accessible by roadway. The main species is the red mangrove Rhizophora mangle which provides habitat for many commercially important species such as lobster, queen conch and oysters. These also form nesting ground for many important bird species within the area are increasingly becoming scarce. Fishermen claim that the distance from shoreline to where the finfish, conch, and lobsters are harvested is increasing.

Boatbuilders of Soubise on the Windward side of Grenada stand proudly by their hand-fashioned vessel.

The southern most points of the Islands and Egmont Point have very interesting reefs and eel-grass beds that form important breakwaters and fish feeding areas. These are of both geological and scenic interest. Canoe and Devil's bays are also interesting seascapes since they form beautiful beaches and are also two of the very few areas on the south coast where iguanas are still readily seen.

Significance of Areas: The southern coast seascape represents the indented truncated coastline common to the Island of Grenada. Within the inlets are outstanding examples of mangrove ecosystems. The southern coastal waters are the most productive commercial aquatic species such as lobster and conch. The mangroves ecosystems support this marine life by producing organic matter and habitat for aquatic micro-organisms. It is therefore critical that remaining mangrove species be protected to support commercial fisheries operations.

There is an abundance of oysters within the mangrove system, which have not been exploited since it is not one of the traditional species collected by the people in the area. This gives the area increased significance since it allows the opportunity for managed harvesting and production.

The reefs to the south of peninsula are also significant as they are the habitat for many other commercial species. Presently there is extensive use of pots and traps on those reefs.

The landscapes are also important because they demonstrate geological and geomorphological processes such as volcanic activity, subsidence, uplift and wave and wind action.

It is an important recreational and educational resource that is within easy reach of 40% of the country's population.

Management Objectives: to protect the mangrove ecosystem and the important reefs within the area. To provide opportunities for environmental education, research and recreation and to manage and regulate exploitation of the traditional fishing grounds.

Activities: Development of a management plan; initiate a programme of environment education and institutionalize a monitoring system which prohibits the use of traps which are not biodegradable.

(iii) LA SAGESSE

Location: At the Estuary of the La Sagesse River within the La Sagesse Bay.

Summary Description: La Sagesse comprises a mangrove estuary, a salt pond, 3 beautiful beaches, interesting geological formations, coral reefs, and excellent examples of littoral woodland and thorn scrub cactus woodland.

Significance of the Area: The area has a diverse assemblage of ecosystems in a small area providing outstanding wildlife habitat for migratory birds and waterfowl. It is a favorite spot for weekend outings for the local population.

Management Objectives: To protect the ecosystems in a natural state and promote programs of education and recreation.

Activities: Develop an environmental education program for the local population and tourists. Ensure protection of the salt pond, mangrove estuary, and freshwater marsh. Prohibit sandmining and any inappropriate development.

(iv) MOLINERE REEF

Location: The Molinere Reef Protected Seascape is 5 kilometers north of St. George's on the Leeward on Western side of the island.

Summary Description: The area consists of a series of coral reefs and sea fans beds. The terrestrial part is represented by seasonal deciduous forest which provides a natural backdrop to the marine ecosystem. The Molinere Reefs forms part of an extensive recreational tourist complex on the island. There is a wide diversity of life forms on this outstanding reef, considered to be the best reef off the island of Grenada.

Panoramic views can be had of the mainland from moving boats, and small private beach provides an outstanding area for nature enjoyment, relaxation, and snorkeling. The area has excellent qualities for the development of a variety of educational and recreational opportunities.

Significance of the area: The Molinere Reef represents the finest coral reefs off the mainland of Grenada. Only 20 minutes by boat from St. George's Harbour, the area is frequented by scuba and skin diving enterprises which bring visitors to the area. The area has been protected from exploitation by man by the local divers. As a result, lobsters are prevalent as are both soft and hard corals. A wreck with a steel hull is seen at 80 feet below sea level which harbours beautiful reef fishes and is beginning to be colonized by various species of coral.

Management Objectives: To protect and maintain the Molinere Bay ecosystem and its outstanding natural features and to provide opportunities for recreation interpretation research and environmental education.

Activities: Formation of a management committee with the local divers, fishermen, and Fisheries officers, protection of the marine areas by controlling visitors and enforcement of regulations.

Cultural landmarks

(i) RIVER ANTOINE RUM DISTILLERY

Location: One (1) mile to the south east of the Lake Antoine crater in the north east of the island.

Summary Description: The River Antoine Rum Distillery is located on the River Antoine estate which is owned and operated by the DeGale family. The Distillery is a working factory whose processes have changed little since the 18th Century. The cane used is produced primarily on the flat land in the immediate vicinity of the sugar factory and processed by the only operational water wheel in the country. The juice is boiled in a system of "coppers" using the bagasse produced as fuel and is transferred through the containers using a system of wooden guttering. The only modern electrical appliance is a pump that is used for transferring the juice to the fermentation tanks. The boiler is fueled by wood and, the juice is passed through "stills" and then cooled by passing through water tanks before being transferred to the setting tanks. The fermentation process is not hastened using any chemicals or additives and the product is sold in large containers and not bottled. The physical infrastructure was established in the late 18th century and has been maintained in a fair state throughout the years. The labour force at the distillery is very skilled in their traditional method for they have been operating the factory for over twenty-five years.

The River Antoine Rum Distillery Cultural Landmark is the oldest functioning distillery in the Caribbean.

Significance of Area: River Antoine Rum Distillery is a unique historic and cultural feature not only in Grenada but throughout the English speaking Caribbean. The process is identical to that used in the late 18th century when sugar cane was the chief crop produced on the Island. The buildings and equipment are also of great significance since, they clearly represent a particular period in the history of the Island.

Management Objectives: To protect this cultural feature particularly the buildings, equipment and processes for education and interpretation. A Development and Management Plan is urgently needed and should be developed in cooperation with the owners so as to ensure a common understanding of the goals and objectives of the area.

Activities: Priority should be given to the preparation of a development plan, organization of a guided tour of the factory and the preparation of an information or interpretation leaflet.

(ii) WESTERHALL RUM DISTILLERY

Location: Along the Southern Main Road north of the Westerhall Bay on the Westerhall Estate.

Summary Description: The Westerhall Distillery has been updated, however, there are still vestiges of the old processes similar to those used at River Antoine. The water wheel used in the late 19th and early 20th century is still present and could be put back into operation. The enterprise is no longer grinding its own cane but is purchasing the molasses used in the rum distillery process. Unlike River Antoine the distillery uses chemicals and additives to hasten the process of fermentation and therefore has a higher production capacity. The produce is bottled and aggressively marketed. This represents a 20th century operation that is constantly adapting new methods and technology. This obviously changes the quality of the final product which demands aggressive marketing to increase sales volume.

Significance of Area: The process is now modernized, however the artifacts and equipment that were used in the traditional method still exist. The Westerhall Distillery represents a transformation of the process which is indicative of the changing economic and social factors that have been of significant influence.

Since this feature is only twenty minutes away from St. George's, the port of call for cruise ships, and Grand Anse, the Westerhall Distillery presents an outstanding opportunity for tourism and environmental education of the local population. This would be assisted by the many artifacts that are so well maintained.

Management Objectives: To protect the historical and cultural artifacts and equipment that exists for educational and interpretation purposes. To develop an interpretation plan so as to offer the visitor the history and evolution of the rum industry and its economic importance to Grenada and the region.

Activities: Development of an interpretation plan in cooperation with the owners and operators of the distillery.

(iii) CARIB'S LEAP/LEAPER'S HILL

Location: At the hill top and cliff-face directly north of the town of Sauteurs at the most northerly spot on the Island.

Summary Description: Leapers Hill is the promontory where St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Church, School and Cemetery are located. To the northern part of the promontory is a steep cliff face that descends vertically into the sea for more than 100 ft. This feature is recorded as the point of extermination of the original inhabitants of the Island, the Carib Indians.

It is reported that for more than 100 years after the discovery of the Island by Columbus in 1492, the Caribs were undisturbed. They settled in great numbers on Grenada because of its superior hunting and fishing grounds as compared to the other Islands. Although discovered by the Spaniards, it was not until 1626 that both the English and French became interested in this unappropriated Island. In 1609 the English landed but were forced to leave because of the Carib harassment. In 1638 a Frenchman attempted to effect a landing but was driven off by the Caribs, who thus secured further immunity from attack for twelve (12) years. A successful colony was established in 1650 by the French who apparently purchased the Island for "some knives and hatchets and a large quantity of glass beads, besides two bottles of brandy for the Chief himself".

The first colony was established in the south of the Island. Not more than one year later the Caribs reinitiated their hostility. The French reinforced their colony and were given strict orders to eliminate the aborigines.

After much struggle the Caribs were driven to the north of the Island. The last stand was at a precipice on the extreme north of the Island named by the French, "le morne de Sauteurs" or leapers hill in memory of the leap of the Caribs. The town is today called Sauteurs. It is reported "that they fought vigorously but the savages were completely defeated and those who remained, about forty (40) in number, precipitated themselves from the top of the rock rather than surrender".

Significance of Area: The feature is significant for it marks the last point of resistance of the aboriginal Indians who first occupied the Island.

Management Objectives: The area should be preserved since it is an important historic and cultural landmark where the original inhabitants chose to exterminate their race instead of surrender to the French colonists.

The landmark should be developed and maintained and a monument should be erected to mark the end of the first chapter of the Island's history.

Activities: A community group should be encouraged to undertake the clean up of the area. A programme for the development and maintenance of the features should be developed in association with the Catholic Church and the residents in the immediate vicinity.

(iv) MOUNT RICH AMERINDIAN REMAINS

Location: Along the St. Patrick's river valley in the village of Mount Rich in the parish of St. Patrick's.

Summary Description: The Amerindian remains are primarily stone carvings on rocks in the river valley. It has been established that these carvings were done by the Caribs for the work depicts their typical features and lifestyle. This is the only place on the Island where such impressive work exists. They can be most easily seen on the top and sides of a very large stone on the river bank where six carvings, headpieces, pottery, implements and tools (spears, bows and axes) used in their hunting and fishing are found. Several small stones in the vicinity have different carved features but they are not clearly discernible since they are covered by weeds and mosses.

The remains are easily accessible since they are located alongside the main road from Sauteurs close to the Mount Rich village. A community group has planted flowers along the access footpath and installed a lettered "Carib Remains-Enter".

Significance of area: The remains are significant as the only extensive area of carvings left on the Island that depicts the features and way of life of the Amerindians. It is possible that their work of art could have been done over 300 years ago since it has been established that Caribs were defeated about that time. The remains are significant for their educational value and the river valley offers recreational opportunities.

Management Objectives: To protect the Amerindian remains. Manage and improve them for the benefit of the present and future generations.

Activities: Permission should be gained from the private landowner for a public footpath through his property. A brochure should be produced, the trail improved so as to make the remains easily accessible and the surroundings maintained

(v) MARQUIS VILLAGE

Location: Approximately three (3) miles south of the town of Grenville along the Eastern Main Road.

Summary Description: Marquis village is an interesting place since it is the only village dependent in large part on the handicraft industry. Most of the handicrafts produced and sold in Grenada are made by villagers. The emphasis is on the production of straw work, these including table mats, bags, baskets, hats, bedroom slippers, etc. The village is located along the coastline and is cultivated with wild pine which is the main material used in the work produced. It exemplifies the life style of a typical villager on the Island. The men and children are primarily involved in the fishing and farming while the women are involved in the handicrafts, however, it is the man's task to cut and collect the wild pine from the field while the women and children take on the job of its preparation.

In close proximity to the village are two interesting cultural landmarks. Battle Hill to the north is a famous religious center where the Roman Catholics and Anglicans gather on special occasions for processions and worship. There is also the Royal Fort located to the immediate east of the village. This was built by the French in the late 17th century, and used as a famous outpost by the rebels during Fedon's rebellion in 1796.

Significance of Area: Marquis village is significant because of its unique culture, history and way of life. It is the only village where the straw handicraft has been continued throughout many generations. It is an interesting tourist destination since visitors can examine the handicraft process from raw materials to the finished product. The other two important historic features can be nicely tied into a day's visit.

Management Objectives: To encourage continuance of the village life style and culture while improving marketing of handicraft products and stimulating visitors to the area. To encourage the production of higher quality products. Develop a management plan for the village and surrounding landmarks.

Activities: Co-operate with the handicraft organization and the community to improve the appearance of the village. Upgrade and improve the Port Royal Fort and prepare an interpretation plan.

(vi) FORT GEORGE

Location: North of the entrance of the St. George harbour on a promontory overlooking the town of St. George's and the Grand Anse beach.

St. George's, famed to be the most scenic capital city in the Caribbean, as seen from Fort George.

Levera National Park presents fascinating geology, has productive mangrove ecosystems, and offers outstanding opportunities for recreation and nature appreciation.

The petroglyphs seen at Mt. Rich Amerindian Remains Cultural Landmark are one of the few remainders of the indigenous people's, the Caribs and the Arawaks, that inhabited the Island up until the French colonized the Island in the 1650's.

The courtyard in Fort George where Prime Minister Maurice Bishop and his Cabinet were assassinated on October 19th, 1983.

British built cannons at Fort George set just as they were during the 1700 and 1800's when the British and French fought for the Island on numerous occasions.

Summary Description: Fort George was built in 1706 by the French after the old town known as Port Louis was relocated from the Lagoon area. The fort and capital was originally known as Fort Royal by the French. In 1756 war was declared between Great Britain and France and in 1762 a British fleet attacked Grenada, causing the French to eventually surrender. The Island was handed over to the British and the Fort and Town were then renamed after King George III.

Shipbuilding in Soubise next to the handicraft center of Marquis Village presents fascinating vistas into Grenadian country life.

The structure has not been severely altered since then, for it was built on the upper half of the promontory of walls more than four feet thick all around. It was built with two levels with all amenities including barracks, ammunition houses, and under ground tunnels. It is considered a classical structure and was undoubtedly a tremendous engineering accomplishment in its day. Fort George was the main defence post during the 18th century. When Great Britain was again at war with France in the West Indies, the Fort was a key bastion by the British when the French forces landed at Molinere Bay, north of St. George's and marched to the town. At daybreak next morning, firing was directed against Fort George, which caused the British to surrender. However, in 1783, under the 8th Article of the Treaty of Versailles, signed on September 3rd, Grenada was restored once more to the British.

The Fort is also of very recent historical importance for it is where the fall of the Peoples Revolutionary Government (1983) began with the apparent execution of the Prime Minister Maurice Bishop, leader of the New Jewel Movement, and many of his cabinet colleagues and supporters. During the reign of the PRG, the fort was renamed Fort Rupert in honour of the death of the then Prime Minister's father. The name of Fort George was restored in 1983 after the intervention of the Island by United States and Caribbean troops.

Significance of Area: The area is of historic architectural and recreational significance to the country. It has been the center of military and defence activities for the past two hundred and fifty years. It is an architecturally sound structure and provides a feature whereby the Islands history could be relived. It provides unique opportunities for educational and recreational programs.

Management Objectives: To protect this historic monument so as to preserve the nations history and architecture. To maintain and upgrade its educational and recreational potential.

Activities: Establish a visitor and interpretation center and maintain the Fort. Infrastructural development should be closely planned and authorized. U.S AID and OAS have prepared site designs for both this fort and Fort Frederick which includes restoration and program development.

(vii) FORT FREDERICK

Location: Located at the top of the Richmond Hill east of the St. George's Harbour.

Summary Description: Fort Frederick was built in 1779 soon after the French recaptured the Island. The French realized how seriously their advance upon St. George and their occupation of the fortifications on Hospital Hill would have been encumbered if forts had been in existence on Richmond Hill. As a result, they hurried and built Fort Frederick. Fort Frederick lies between Fort Matthew to the north and Fort Adolphus to the south.

View from the Fort Frederick cultural landmark gives panorama of St. George's and the harbor. The French realised the importance of this site in defending the Island and began construction in 1779.

National Parks and Multiple-use Management Areas protect the water quality and supply in the upper watersheds thereby providing potable and irrigation water to the populated areas.

Like Fort George it is built of very thick stone walls, with amenities such as barracks, watch towers and underground tunnels. From Fort Frederick a panoramic view of the Island is afforded. This 360° view made the Fort critical to the towns defence during the 18th and 19th century.

Significance of Area: Fort Frederick is the best located fortress in the country and has been used extensively during the past three centuries to defend the city from attacks. It is also of great architectural and recreational significance. It is also significant in the recent history of the Island as it is alleged to have been used as headquarters for one of the factions during the October 19th, 1983 disturbance.

Management Objective: To protect this important historic monument in order to preserve the Nations history and architecture. To develop a management plan in co-operation with the Nations military forces who presently occupy this area.

Activities: Upgrade the facility to provide visitor interpretation and education facilities.

(viii) THE TOWER. St. Paul.

Location: Beyond the St. Paul Police Station - the Parish of St. George's.

Summary Description: The Tower represents one of the few old stone houses built of volcanic rock in a Caribbean Colonial Style of Architecture. It was built in 1917 by a prominent Grenadian Lawyer, C.F.P. Renwick. Mr. Renwick constructed the house to persuade his English wife to remain on the Island.

Today the House functions as a family home and is available for tours on an appointment basis.

Significance of Area: Sitting on an scenic eleven acre property of spice and fruit trees, the Tower presents outstanding opportunities for Tourism. Within 15 minutes of St. George's, the Tower will be tied with other attractions such as the Bay Gardens and the Westerhall Rum Distillery.

Management Objective: To preserve the integrity of the Tower structure, and develop tours.

Activities: Development of a brochure and historical documentation of the house and its furnishings.

Multiple use areas

(i) ANNANDALE WATERSHED

Location: Along the headwaters of the Beausejour River West of the Grand Etang Lake.

Summary Description: The upper watershed of the Beausejour River is occupied by the Annandale estate which was privately owned until 1984. The estate emphasized the production of the traditional crops banana, cocoa and nutmeg. This necessitated the felling of most of the natural forest so as to allow adequate sunlight for the growth of these crops. Being the water catchment area for the domestic water supply of St. George's, these activities affected the run-off, water quality, and reliability of supply.

Approximately two years ago an attempt was made to guarantee the supply of quality water by instituting a management/Development programme for the watershed. This necessitated the acquisition of the Annandale estate and the development of the Forestry Development Programme. The area is presently being extensively studied particularly by hydrologists who are examining percolation, run-off and sedimentation levels.

Significance of Area: The area is significant since it is the catchment for the domestic water supply for St. George's and has recreational and educational significance.

Management Objectives: To improve the ground cover so as to guarantee reliable and adequate water supply and at the same time make the lands in the area economically productive.

Activities: Continue the reafforestation programme and collection of valuable data on stream flow, percolation and sedimentation.

(ii) CONCORD WATERSHED

Location: East of the Concord Falls including the upper watershed area of the Concord Valley.

Summary Description: The headwaters of the Black Bay (Concord) River is presently being tapped to supply domestic pipe borne water to the villages of Concord, Marigot and Cotton Bailey in the Parish of St. John's serving approximately 3000 people. The storage tank reservoir is located near the Concord Falls. The intake is two hundred (200) yards upstream from the falls.

The lands above the Fontainbleu Falls are inaccessible and devoted to forest. However the valley area in between the two falls is privately owned and cultivated in traditional crops. The Central Water Commission states that this source is one of the only reliable water sources that remains for the parish of St. George. It is therefore critical that steps be taken early to prevent the further destruction of the vegetation above the intended source or intake.

Significance of Area: This area is significant since it is the only reliable source of domestic water remaining that can be technically and economically exploited to supply the densely populated St. George's area. It is also important as a recreation and research area since two of the nations Natural Landmarks are within the watershed.

Management Objectives: To protect the forest resources in the area for water quality and supply.

Activities: The acquisition of the upland area; the development of a forestry management plan so as to maintain an adequate water supply throughout the drier months. To develop the area as a recreation center.

(iii) MOUNT HOPE/CLABONY WATER CATCHMENT

Location: Located in the parish of St. Andrews in the uplands west of the abandoned Pearls airstrip.

Summary Description: The multiple use area around the Mount Hope, Clabony and Blaize is mostly under forest cover with some traditional crops planted on the lower slopes. It forms the headwaters of the two major rivers on the east coast of Grenada. The Simon River flows out to sea on the lower Pearls area and the Grand Bras River is a main tributary of the Great River. The upper watershed of these rivers is the source of domestic water supply for Grenville, the second largest town on the Island.

Significance of Area: Major water catchment area for the domestic water supply of Grenville and St. Andrews area.

Management Objectives: Develop a Management programme for the protection of the upper watershed area.

Carriacou

National parks
Protected seascapes
Natural landmarks
Cultural landmarks

National parks

(i) HIGH NORTH

Location: Northern section of Carriacou.

NATIONAL PARKS & PROTECTED AREAS CARRIACOU - GOVERNMENT OF GRENADA/OAS PROJECT - THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF A SYSTEM OF NATIONAL PARKS AND PROTECTED AREAS

Red mangrove proproots protect the shoreline, provide habitat for shellfish, and other wildlife.

Summary Description: High North Peak with 955 feet is the highest in Carriacou. Containing important watersheds for the northern part of the Island, this park encompasses the complete spectrum of ecological systems in Carriacou. The finest dry thorn scrub deciduous forests are found on the north west slope descending to seasonal evergreen forests on the alluvial flats leading to L'Ance La Rouche, the most scenic and private beach in Carriacou. Coral reefs and outstanding volcanic and uplifted sedimentary formations are clearly visible. The littoral vegetation of manchineel and coconut is well developed. The entire Park is the most undisturbed area in Carriacou.

The Estate Ruins found overlooking L'Ance La Roche Bay are of significant historical importance. The estate, once comprising about 266 acres of forest and grazing lands, was advertised for sale in the St. George's Chronicle and Grenada Gazette, dated June 7, 1826. (Brinkley, F.K. 1986, Pers. Comm.) At the time it was described as a dwelling house in substantial order. A kitchen, corn house, hospital, cattle pens, and pigeon house were built of mason work. Accompanying the sale were numerous implements necessary for the cultivation of corn and cotton.

Some of the foundations are worthy of restoration and the area provides outstanding opportunities for tourism and environmental education.

The mangrove ecosystems at Petit Carenage Bay are among the most developed in the Country. Both the mangrove swamp formation and the littoral sand beach vegetation are found. Few signs of cropping for charcoal are visible, and as a result, this may be the finest mangrove and mud flat ecosystem found in the country of Grenada.

Significance of the Area: The High North National Park contains some of the most outstanding terrestrial ecosystems in the Country, and due to its importance in the Grenadines, should be recommended as a Biosphere Reserve with UNESCO. The area offers tourist and recreational resources in Carriacou and merits immediate attention. Shipbuilding in Windward presents traditional skills presented in a scenic setting. A bird sanctuary should be established at Petit Carenage where there are many rare migrants as well as resident water birds.

A tour of Carriacou should begin at the Hospital scenic overlook, where the capital Hillsborough and adjacent lands can be seen from a bird's eye view.

Now overgrown with vegetation, the cannon and foundations of the L'Ance la Rouche ruins present fascinating vistas into the past agricultural and military history of Carriacou.

Management Objectives: To provide protection for and maintain in a natural state the ecosystem and habitats of the area, to provide for recreational and educational activities in the forest area, while providing for recreational activities along the coastal areas.

Activities: Formation of a Nature Conservacy as part of the Historical Society of Carriacou to promote tours, birdwatching trips, and oversee the restoration of the area utilizing public and private sector funds.

Protected seascapes

(i) THE LIMLAIR-THIBAUD AREA

Location: South of Point Saint Hilaire in Central eastern Carriacou. Summary Description: This region is fascinating from primarily a cultural and historical vantage point. The long history of livestock development is represented by a hand dug well which is 30 by 20 by 20 feet deep and lined by a rock wall of high quality indicating the intentions of the estate owners were of permanence. The coast is lined with 3 or 4 separate cemeteries dating back to the 1700's, with a tomb and mausoleum of Hugh Monro, Esq., owner of the Limlair Estate dated 1778. On Tarltons Point a cannon can be found resting on the cliff, having been pushed out of place.

Significance of the Area: Presenting fascinating vistas into the military and agricultural history of Carriacou, the area has value for tourism, anthropological research, and education of the local population.

Management Objectives: To protect and restore these valuable cultural features and initiate programs of research, education and tourism.

Activities: Demarcation of boundaries, land tenure investigation, design of tourism and education programs.

Windmills used to dot the landscape all over Grenada and Carriacou which were previously used for investigation. Now the adventure can find foundations of these and other stone works all over the island.

(ii) TYRREL BAY Protected Seascape:

Location: South-west central area of Carriacou.

Summary Description: Carriacou has world renowned fame for the mangrove oyster which comes from the mangrove ecosystem of Tyrrel Bay. The mangrove ecosystem and adjacent salt mud flats show signs of human disturbance, and are recommended for protection because of the foreign exchange generated and employment opportunities presented.

Significance of the Areas: It is an important economic fishing area as well as nursery ground for fish and aquatic life. It has been a traditional yacht anchorage and hurricane hole.

Management Objectives: To protect the mangrove ecosystem while developing the resource for oyster production and to accommodate regulated traditional fishing.

Activities: Demarcation of boundaries, initiation of development, protection and management programme, environmental research programme as is on going with Artisanal Fisheries Project.

(iii) LAURISTON POINT: - Sandy Island -Mabouya Island Protected Seascape.

Location: Central Western section of Carriacou.

Summary Description: Containing an excellent mangrove ecosystem, coral reefs, and island vegetation, this area is highly suitable for tourism. Close to Hillsborough, and the airport, the area provides excellent opportunities for field trips for the schools and community groups. Turtle nesting areas are found on the islands. The mangroves are untouched and are better developed than any noted in Grenada. The area is excellent for birdwatching.

Sandy Island is a favorite mooring spot for yachts.

Significance of the Area: Proximity to the capital of Carriacou and quality ecosystems.

Management Objectives: The area presents opportunities for the area to be developed for recreation, education and tourism, while protecting the valuable natural habitats, especially Sandy Island, where the reefs are reported to show stress due to spear fishing and the reported use of dynamite.

Activities: Demarcation of boundaries, preparation of management and development plan.

(iv) SALINE/WHITE ISLAND AND REEFS

Location: Fifteen miles north - north east of Grenada and one mile south of Carriacou.

Summary Description: Saline Island and White Island present fascinating geology. Saline has a brackish lagoon salt pond surrounded by a mangrove ecosystem. Pyroclastic deposits indicate major volcanic activity and two volcanic plugs are present. Shorebirds can be seen searching for crustaceans in the mud flats of the brackish lagoon and the adjacent coral reefs are unquestionably Grenada's most outstanding. Panoramic views of the reefs may be had from various look out points from both Saline and White Island. White Island is surrounded on three sides by sandy white beaches with diverse untouched littoral vegetation.

Significance of the Area: This area presents one of the most outstanding scenic and tourism resources in the country. Pristine white sandy beaches, unique geology, insights into the anthropological development of the islands, and productive mangroves and salt ponds blend together to present Grenada's finest natural setting. Both White and Saline are some of the most unusual Islands seen in the Grenadines. Both have pyroclastic volcanic plugs which rise 200 feet in height being undercut by wave action. The rock domes are fractured into tall columns. Iguanas were common until the 1960's, but now are much rarer. These Islands would be excellent areas to re-introduce the iguana and provide for their protection.

Howard, 1950 notes that the vegetation on White Island is decidedly unusual in the Lesser Antilles, and more characteristic of the Greater Antilles and Bahamas. Notably, Tournefortia gnaphalodes, Heliotropium indicum, Heliotropium curassavicum, and Euphorbia buxifolia are common.

The adjacent waters present the largest and most diverse coral reefs in Grenada as well as outstanding opportunities for recreation and tourism from Carriacou. The natural features have the potential to be developed for day trips of diving, nature study and scenic appreciation.

Activities: Formation of White Island/Saline Island management committee of interested Carriacou residents, to design protection measures by controlling visitors, yachts, and cruise ships. Monitor the area, enforce, and design visitor tours and facilities.

(v) SABAZAN P.S.

Location: South Eastern Area of Carriacou near Dumfries.

Summary Description: Sabazan was probably the most elaborate of the large estate houses on Carriacou. Constructed in the late 1700's or early 1800's the ruins contain an old well, six foundations, a tower looking towards the sea and an elaborate cistern system. (Frances Kay Brinkley, Pers. Comm.)

Significance of the Area: The ruins reflect the history of agricultural development and the importance of water in Carriacou. It is a site of an important Amerindian settlement. Nearby, at Dumfries is an old Cotton gin, lime factory and French foundation. It is the home of some rare birds, e.g. the mangrove cuckoo.

Management Objectives: To protect the ruins, artifacts, birds; to design programs of educational research to further understand the historical development of Carriacou. To tie in Sabazan, Dumfries, and other protected areas into an around the Island tour for visitors and school groups.

Activities: New area study, protection of the ruins, artifacts, and birds, visitation by school groups.

Natural landmarks

FOSSIL BEDS OF GRAND BAY

Location: 1/2 mile south and 1/2 mile north of Grand Bay Village on the Windward Coast of Carriacou.

Summary Description: Both sites contain about 30 feet of well bedded fine grained ashy shales which are exposed along the shore. Fossils of Gastenopoda, Pleurotoma, Alvitra, Phos, Pyrala and Conus are present. When wet with seawater, the fossils look very well preserved. In some cases, the sharp edged angite crystals have imprints. Trocolyathus and Flabellum can also be seen. The Globorotalia Fobsifobsi (Grand Bay Beds) have been correlated with the Lower Miocene Baitoa formation of the Dominican Republic.

Significance of the Area: The fossil beds are the only known beds in Grenada which are plainly visible. The beds provide excellent opportunities for education, illustrating prehistoric shellfish, some of which are long since extinct.

Management Objectives: To design environmental education programs and protect the fossil beds from further deterioration. To initiate geological research into the importance of the area.

Activities: Review land ownership; design of environmental education program for school system.

Cultural landmarks

(i) BELAIR

Location: North Central Carriacou at 719 feet above sea level.

The Belair Cultural Landscape once served as a headquarters for the People's Revolutionary Army. Historically the property was cultivated in sugar cane and thereafter cotton.

Summary Description: In 1784, John Reid, Esq. owned Belair Estate. An old English great house was completed in 1809. Next to the great house, foundations of an older French house exist, indicative of the amount of times the island of Carriacou changed hands.

The house looks upon the old windmill tower still in excellent condition. At one time the entire area was cultivated in sugar cane to support the mill. Thereafter, at the turn of the century, cotton became the predominate crop. Just down the road is an old windmill foundation which is so intact it could be restored.

During the People's Revolutionary Government, the area was utilized as an Army Camp. At the time of the U.S. and Caribbean Forces intervention of Grenada, a large explosion occurred at the house which remains a mystery. (Frances Kay Brinkley, Pers. Comm.)

Significance of the Area: Belair has both French and English ruins, and the finest sugar mill and windmill foundations on the Island. A large cistern is also in place. The Belair Estate affords one of the most spectacular views on the island.

Management Objectives: To protect the ruins and initiate programs of education and research. Frances Kay Brinkley of the Historical Society has recommended that the Belair house be restored to a cultural and conference center. Funding agencies and private sector initiatives should be sought out to restore the house.

Activities: To promote educational programs, to protect the area with patrols. Construction of visitor facilities and design of a self-guiding cultural trail through the estate and management of the site.

(ii) LA POINTE

Location: South Western tip of Carriacou.

The Fossils Beds Natural Landmark in Carriacou expose millions of years of archeology in the sedimentary and igneous layers.

Portable cannons of this nature could be moved about freely thereby surprising the enemy during the tumultuous times when the British and French were continually fighting for dominion over the Islands.

Summary Description: La Pointe Cultural Landmark is situated in a scenic peninsular and contains the ruins of an old French estate house (Frances Kay Brinkley, Pers. Comm.)

Significance of the Area: As is true of all the old estates. La Pointe gives vistas into the history of Carriacou. Iguanas are found here.

Management Objectives: To protect and continue research into the importance and value of the ruins.

Activities: The declaration of this and all cultural landmarks as areas to be inventoried and studied in more depth.

(iii) DOVER RUINS

Location: 1/4 mile inland North East Carriacou.

Summary Description: The Dover ruins are the site of the first church in Carriacou, and is where Priest Maissoneuve resided. The square cut rocks of the foundation, still in place indicate the importance of northern Carriacou to the first French settlements.

Significance of the Area: The quality of the stone foundation present fascinating opportunities for archeology. The grounds once comprised 16 acres which at one time was Catholic property in Carriacou. Next to it in 1793 was Dover Cottage, a small estate owned by the Anglican Minister, Rev. W. Nash.

Management Objectives: To protect the ruins from any further theft, to tie the area in with an around the Island Tour, and to design programs of cultural education for the local schools.

Activities: Protection of the ruins, visitation by school groups.

TABLE IX - LAND USE SUMMARY - NATIONAL PARKS AND PROTECTED AREAS

Area by Management Category

Size of Area

Existing Land Use (Acreage)

Land Cap Class

Land Use Proposal

Present Admin. and Ownership

Admin. Status

State

Priv.

NATIONAL PARKS








GRAND ETANG

2370







1. Grand Etang (including Mt. Qua Qua, Mt. Granby)


Natural Wind
Swept Forest
Natural
Reserve
Hunting

100%
(2370)
VIe

National Pk.
Critical Conservation Area

Nature Reserve
Managed by Forestry Div.
Min. of Agric.

1816

554

GRAND ETANG FOREST RESERVE

2000

Lower
Montane
Rainforest

100%
(2000)
VIe

Forest Harvesting

2000 Acres managed as Forest Reserve by Forestry Department

2000


2. Levera

548

23 Acres
Mangrove
Swamp
Agriculture
Charcoal production
Fishing Hunting
Cattle rearing
Recreation

30%
(164)
IIIc
Climate
Low rainfall
70% (384)
IIw
(Wet Land)

National
Critical
Conservation Area

120 Acres - Farms Corporation 428 - Priv. Admin. which includes Sugarloaf, Sandy and Green Island

120

428 Kent's Agency Canadian Dev. Ltd.

3. Mt. St. Catherine

1432

Hunting
Hiking
Forest

100%
(1432)
Vie
(Erosion)

National Pk. Critical Conservation Area

Crown Land Not managed

1432

-

NATURAL LANDMARKS








1. Lake Antoine

85

60% Agric.
40% Forest

-

Area of Natural Interest

Privately Administered

-

85 DeGale families

2. Concord Falls

2 Acres

Agriculture
Forest Recreation

65% (1.2) VIe
30% (.8) IVe

Natural Landscape To be Preserved

Privately Administered

-

2 acres F-Hamilton

3. Annandale Falls

3 Acres

Agriculture
Recreation

70% (2) VIe
30% (1) IVe (erosion)

Natural Landscape To be Preserved

Administered by Min. of Tourism and Forestry Department

3

-

4. Marquis River Falls

2 Acres

Agriculture
Recreation

N/A

Natural Landscape To be Preserved

Privately Administered

-

2

5. River Sallee Boiling Springs

1/4 Acre

Agriculture
Recreation

N/A

Natural Feature to be preserved

Not Administered

-

1/4

6. Marquis Island

8 Acres

Hunting
Natural Cover

50% (4) VIe
50%(4) IVe

Area of Natural and Scientific Interest

Privately Administered

-

8

7. Hog Island

70 Acres

Grazing
Recreation

60% (42) VIe
40% (28) IVe

Natural Features To be Preserved

Privately Administered

-

70 Theodore family

8. Quarantine Point

8 Acres

Low Scrub
Recreation
Radio Transmission Towers

VIe (8)

Critical Landmark To be preserved for its Recreational and Aesthetic Value

Crown Lands Administered by Min. of Agriculture

8

-

9. La Baye Rock

5 Acres

Dry thorn scrub
Cactus Forest

100% Vie

Natural Landscape to be preserved

Privately Administered

-

5

PROTECTED SEASCAPE








1. Northeast Seascape

365

Mangrove
Swamps
High Cliffs
Xerophytic Vegetation
Littoral
Vegetation

50% (183) IIw
30% (109) Vs Soil factor
20% (74) IIIc

Critical Conservation Area

Many Private Owners

-

365

2. Southern Seascape








a. Westerhall

36

Mangroves

100% IIw

IIw Classified

Not Owned


4 Residents Assn.

b. Chemin Bay

23

Mangroves


IIw Classified

Not Owned

12

11 Fort Jeudy

c. Egmont Bay

25

Mangroves


IIw Classified

Not Owned

-

25

3. Calivigny Island

12

Grazing Littoral Vegetation

60% (7.2) IVe
40% (4.8) VIe

Not Classified

Privately Owned

-

12 Ken Milne

4. Molinere Reef

655

Scuba Diving

Open Water

Not Classified

Publicly Owned

655


5. La Sagesse
Salt Pond
Natural Landmark

19

Littoral
Vegetation
Mangrove
Cocoa
Banana
Pasture
Secondary
Forest

20%
IIw
80%
IVs

Area of Cultural and Historical Interest

Administered by Min. of Agriculture

8

11

CULTURAL LANDMARKS








1. River Antoine

4

Sugar Cane
Pasture
Rum Production
Mangrove Swamp

N/A

Area of Cultural Historical and Social Interest

Privately Administered

-

4 DeGale family

2. Westerhall Distillery

1

Rum Production

N/A

Area of Cultural and Historical Interest

Privately Administered


1 acre

3. Carib's Leap

2

Recreation

N/A

Area of Historic Importance

-

-

2 Roman Catholic Church

4. "The Tower" St. Paul

11

Residential
Recreational

100%
IIIe

Historical Monument

Privately Administered

-

11 Slinger family

5. Fort George

5

National Security

N/A

Area of Cultural and Historical Importance

Publicly Administered

5

-

6. Fort Frederick

4

National Security

N/A

Area of Cultural and Historical Importance

Publicly Administered

4

-

7. Marquis Village

N/A

Residential Development Agriculture

N/A

Concentration of Handicraft Development

Privately

N/A

-

8. Mt. Rich Cultural Landmark

3

Agriculture

N/A

Area of Historic & Cultural Interest

Privately Owned

-

3 Morain family

MULTIPLE-USE AREA








1. Annandale Water

506

Forest Agriculture Water supply

100%
Vs

Multi-use Area

Forestry Division Administered

506

-

2. Concord Water

240

Forest Agriculture Water Supply

100%
Vs

Multi-use Area for Water Production

Publicly Administered

-

240 F. Hamilton & Others

3. Mt. Hope/Calabony Watershed

655

Forest Agriculture Water Supply

32% (209)
Vie
68% (446)
IVc

Multi-use Area for Water Production

Privately Owned

"

655






Present Admin. and Ownership

Area by Management Category

Size of Area

Existing Land Use

Land Cap Class

Land Use Proposal

Admin. States

State

Priv.

B. CARRIACOU








NATIONAL PARKS








1. High North National Pk

606

Forest
Grazing
Trapping

30% Vs
70% VIe

National Pk. Critical Forest Conservation Area

Nature Reserve State Lands

300

306 128 acres Packard 100 acre Jones, Sylvester 78 acres Mclntyre

NATURAL LANDMARKS








1. Fossil Beds at Grand Bay


4 cliff

Windswept

N/A Geologic Interest

Area of Land

Crown

4-

PROTECTED SEASCAPES








1. Lauriston Pt. Sandy Island Mabouya Island

584

Tourism
Yachting
Mangrove

100% of land surface VIe

Natural Landscape and coral reefs to be preserved

Islands are Government owned. Coral reef & Point are public

584


2. Tyrrel Bay Mangrove

280

Oyster
Harvesting
Mangrove
Ecosystem

N/A

Area of Natural & Scenic Interest Oyster Harvesting is compatible

Crown land not managed

280

-

3. White Island Saline Island Coral Reefs

564

Grazing on Islands Fishing Tourism

100% of land surface Vie

Area of Scenic Interest Coral reefs are among the best in Grenada

Coral reefs are Public/Privately Administered Islands

74

490

4. Sabazan

6

Grazing

100% of Land Surface Vie

Area of scenic & historic interest

Public/Private

3

1

5. THIBAUD Limlair Estate Cemetary, Tomb & Well

15

Cemetery

100%
IVs

Area of Scenic Cultural & Educational Value


15


CULTURAL LANDMARKS








Belair Estate (and Hospital View)

6

Agriculture
Hospital

N/A

Area of Cultural Historical & Educational Value

Crown lands Administered by Gov't

6

-

Dover Ruins

4

Grazing
Ruins

N/A

Area of Historic & Educational Value

Private Ownership


2

La Pointe

11

Grazing

N/A

Area of Historic & Educational Value



1

MULTIPLE-USE AREA AND FOREST RESERVES








Forest Reserve

36

Quarrying Grazing

100% Vie

Watershed Protection

Crown lands

36


Chapeau Carre

12

Forest Reserve

100% Vie

Watershed Protection

Crown lands

12


The view from the Estate Ruins of L'Ance la Rouche looks upon one of Carriacou's most scenic and natural beaches. The area provides outstanding opportunities for tourist and education.

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