International Instruments

Vulnerable groups such as African descent have universal protection mechanisms, and are protected mainly by the following international instruments to combat racism and racial discrimination:

1945, United Nations Charter

1948, Universal Declaration of Human Rights

1948, Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

1951, Equal Remuneration Convention (Convention No. 100)

1957, Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples. (ILO Convention No. 107)

1958, Convention concerning Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation (ILO Convention No. 111)

1960, Convention on the fight against discrimination in education

1962, Protocol instituting a Conciliation and Good Offices Commission to resolve disputes that may arise in the Convention on the fight against discrimination in education

1963, United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, proclaimed by the General Assembly of the United Nations on November 20, 1963, resolution 1904 (XVIII)

1965, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Adopted and opened for signature and ratification by General Assembly resolution 2106(XX) of December 21, 1965

1966, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

1966, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

1967, Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women

1973, International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid

1978 , Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice

1978, Declaration on Fundamental Principles concerning the Contribution of Mass Media to Strengthening Peace and International Understanding, to the promotion of human rights and the fight against racism, apartheid and incitement to war

1979, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

1981, Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief

1985, International Convention against Apartheid in Sports

1989, Convention on the Rights of the Child

1989, Convention concerning indigenous and Tribal People (ILO Convention No. 169)

1990, International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and their Families, resolution 45/158 of December 18, 1990

1992, Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic

1993, Declaration and Program of Action adopted by the Vienna World Conference on Human Rights in June 1993

1995, Principles on Tolerance UNESCO

1999, Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

2000, Millennium Declaration

2001, Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity of UNESCO

2001, Declaration and Program of Action adopted by the Third World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance

2004, Resolution adopted by the General Assembly (A/RES/58/160) - March 2, 2004