A. TYPES AND LEVEL OF DETAIL OF NATURAL HAZARD INFORMATION
B. THE USE OF HAZARD INFORMATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING PROCESS
1. Natural Resource Maps
2. Hazard-related Maps
3. Reference Maps for Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
Most of the information used in natural hazard assessments is generated by three principal networks: international and national natural phenomena research and monitoring centers and universities; disaster management entities; and multisectoral and sectoral planning agencies, ministries, and public utilities. While some may appear in scientific language or as statistical data, other readily usable information may be found in the form of maps, reports, newspaper and magazine articles, proceedings from hazard-related workshops, historical records, etc. Users of hazard information include many agencies at the community, regional, national, and international levels, a number of which are also important produces of information. Examples of potential users are listed in Figure A-1. Sources of specific information on each natural hazard addressed in this study-hurricanes, floods, droughts, desertification, earthquakes, landslides, and volcanoes-are identified in the individual chapters on those hazards.
Analysis of the location, frequency, and severity of a hazard may require more than one type of information. In addition to information on the hazards themselves, the planner will also require information on vulnerability (the potential impact on human life and property caused by a natural event) and risk (the probability that a natural event will occur within a specified time period and cause a specified degree of damage). More precise definitions of these terms are given in Chapter 1.
Information on natural hazards can be obtained from maps and studies of the hazards themselves and also from maps and studies of natural resources, population, and infrastructure. Analysis of vulnerability and risk requires multiple sources. While all the types of maps and studies mentioned are important, it is not necessary to collect them all. Some can substitute for others in providing the information required. The cardinal rule is that the planning team should collect only the information needed to answer the development questions posed.
a. Climate Maps
b. Geologic Maps
c. Hydrologic Maps
d. Landform or Geomorphic Maps
e. Life Zone Maps
f. Soils Maps
g. Topographic Maps
Data on a wide variety of climatic factors (including changes, extreme observations, and probabilities) can be obtained in the form of maps, reports, and statistics. Factors include precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration, wind (velocity and direction), cloudiness, and relative humidity.
These maps show the distribution, composition, structure, and age of rock units that constitute the foundation of all human activities in the study area. They are useful in determining the location of mineral deposits and construction materials, stability and bearing capacity (and thus the suitability of a location for large engineering structures), soil-forming parent materials, the capacity to store and yield underground water, and the possibility of liquefaction. Large-scale faults and folds are associated with earthquakes, and information on the age and composition of volcanic rocks facilitates volcanic hazard analysis. Small-scale regional tectonic maps show the relative stability of great crusted plates and indicate zones of collision between plates which are the loci of intensive volcanic and earthquake activity.
Surface hydrology maps indicate natural and man-made bodies of water, and may show stream flow (volume, seasonality) and irrigated areas. Groundwater maps show the location and depth of aquifers, water wells, quality of groundwater, etc. These maps can be important in evaluating the potential for floods and drought and also play a role in a vulnerability analysis. They help the planner identify changes in floodplains and recurring flood areas.
These maps depict the physiographic forms of an area (e.g., mountains, plateaus, mesas, ridges, piedmont, valleys), often relating the form to its geologic origin (e.g., anticlinal ridge, volcanic highlands, alluvial valleys) and thus providing the basis for comprehensive interpretation of soils, land-use potential, and propensity for landslides. The morphological maps are important to planners since they describe the sculpturing of the land by indicating, for example, how the natural forces of erosion have worked towards the establishment of slopes that are relatively stable. They can also reflect the impact of man-made changes. When development unbalances the equilibrium of a stable slope, natural forces immediately set about restoring its equilibrium. The most important use of these maps for natural hazard management is that the users can identify potentially unstable soils.
Life zone maps, also called ecological maps, use a combination of precipitation, temperature, and evapotransporation to delineate life zones or "ecologic" zones. The literature on life zones indicates the natural vegetation, and suitable crops and grasses for each zone. Important for development planning, these maps have limited applicability to a hazard analysis.
Two different types of soils maps provide planners with valuable information: agricultural soils maps and engineering soils maps. The former can be classified as basic maps and interpretative maps. The basic, or soil unit classification, maps show soil mapping units, usually soil types and phases, and provide information on each unit that usually includes parent material, chemical composition, texture, moisture holding capacity, slope, drainage, and limitations for agricultural use at specified management levels. A wide variety of interpretative maps can be prepared from the soil classification maps, on topics including land classification, suitability for irrigation, trafficability, and erosiveness.
Engineering soils maps show the bearing capacity of soils. They also show the cohesion and resistance of the soils units which affect slope gradient and stability and liquefaction. Engineering soils maps can reflect the impact of changes on soil conformation.
These maps provide information on elevations, relief, drainage patterns, and culture of an area. They are essential for both vulnerability and risk analyses involving hazards such as high winds, floods, erosion, earthquakes, landslides and volcanic activity. The detail of the information depends upon the scale of the map. Topographic maps are often used as the base maps upon which a variety of thematic maps can be constructed. The features depicted on topographic maps can be grouped under the following heads:
- The hydrography, or water features (ponds, stream, lakes, etc.).- The hypsography, or relief of surface forms (hills, valleys, plains, etc; elevation above sea level shown by contour lines).
- The cultural features constructed by humans (towns, roads, canals, power lines, etc.).
a. Bathymetric Maps
b. Desertification Maps
c. Epicenter Maps
d. Fault Maps
e. Flash Flood Maps
f. Floodplain Maps
g. Landslide Maps
h. Maximum Observed Intensity Maps
i. Seismotectonic Maps
j. Storm Surge Maps
k. Volcano Maps
l. Windstorm Maps
These maps show the depth and slope of the ocean floor near the shore and are used to assess the potential impacts of storm surges and tides on coastal areas. For example, gently sloping sections of the ocean floor near the shoreline may facilitate storm surge run-up under certain tidal and weather conditions.
These maps identify areas currently or potentially subject to desertification.
These maps show the location of earthquake epicenters. Usually they give the date and depth of an epicenter and the magnitude of the related earthquake.
These maps, which show the location of the major geological fault systems and related geological features, are used to identify the loci of earthquakes and zones of earth movement.
These maps contain information on areas historically affected by flash floods. They delimit traditionally affected areas and identify floodplains.
These maps show rivers, channels, and streams that are susceptible to flooding. They may include information on historical floods, and may also delimit the floodplains and their changes over time.
These maps show the areas where landslides have occurred. They can also include potential areas of landsliding based on geological/hydrological information or on changes related to past development. For these purposes they may illustrate slope stability, gradient and levels of moisture absorption, and the impact of development-induced changes, cohesion, and undermining of soils.
These maps demarcate zones where earthquake damage over hundreds of years can be observed or inferred.
These maps delimit seismic zones and trace lines of major dislocations and secondary fractures. They include information on observed tectonic movement.
These maps contain information on the heights of past storm surges. They can also provide information on erosion and structural damage caused by storms in coastal areas.
These maps identify the locations of volcanoes and the damage zones where damage from volcanic activity can be observed or inferred.
These maps include information on the wind direction and velocity of past hurricanes. They may also provide information on structural damage and damage to the forest or the agricultural sector caused by past storms.
a. Built Structure Maps
b. Cadastral Maps
c. Demographic Maps
d. Drainage and Irrigation
e. Infrastructure Maps
f. Land-Use and Vegetation Maps
g. Lifeline and Critical Facilities Maps
These maps illustrate the distribution of buildings in the study area. Usually they are based on data collected from engineering surveys, local directories, land-use maps, inventories of properties, and census data. They may be limited to the buildings themselves, or may extend to other significant features such as age, function, architectural form, and historical or cultural significance. In some instances they provide engineering information such as the distribution and thickness of underlying formations; slopes and slope stability; drainage patterns, permeability, and water table depth; susceptibility to frost; stability in earthquakes; excavation characteristics; suitability for foundations, sub-grade, and fill; and compaction characteristics.
These maps define the property and ownership boundaries of an area. Although they are often at scales larger than is needed for general regional development planning, they are excellent for hazard management because of their accuracy and detail, especially of lifeline elements and other cultural features.
Maps with information on single or multiple demographic aspects of an area, usually based on census data, can often be found. As a rule, because of representation problems, they show only certain categories of information. Information on vital statistics is more commonly found in tabular form.
These maps show coastal and lake zones and river deltas where irrigation, hydrologic energy, and transportation works are often present. They identify natural drainage systems and networks which may be threatened by flooding.
These maps provide essential data on the location, type, and configuration of basic infrastructure (transportation, communication, and energy systems) of the area. Service infrastructure maps show water, sanitation, health, education, and public safety facilities. Coastal infrastructure maps show port and harbor facilities and may include information on historical tides and storm surges. Maps of critical infrastructure show structures which if damaged would endanger lives (e.g., chemical facilities, nuclear plants, dams, and reservoirs).
Land-use maps show human use of the land. Depending on the scale, they may indicate various subdivisions of settlement use, cropping patterns, pasture lands, forest plantations, etc. Maps of actual vegetation (as opposed to theoretical maps of potential natural vegetation) show areas of forest, brush, and grasslands, and they may be presented separately or in combination with land-use maps. The depiction of ground cover is useful in determining evapotranspiration, rate of absorption of rainfall, and runoff. They help the planner identify wet and dry season areas.
Designed to facilitate response to emergencies, these maps show the most important installations necessary for the maintenance of health and public safety. In addition to the basic infrastructure these maps show potable water and sanitation systems, police and fire stations, military posts, emergency management facilities, emergency shelters, and medical services.
1. Preliminary Mission (Study Design)
2. Phase I (Development Diagnosis)
3. Phase II (Project Formulation and Sector Plan Preparation)
4. Implementing the Study Recommendations
The type, level of detail, and scale of hazard information that is needed in each stage of the planning process are determined by the objectives of that particular stage and by the available resources and information. While different planning contexts dictate the need for specific types of information, some general guidelines can be offered.
As planning activities evolve from a general assessment of the study area's natural resource base to the preparation of development strategies and the formulation of investment projects, the information required becomes increasingly detailed. Figure A-2 summarizes the relationship between natural hazard assessments and each phase of the development planning process.
In the preliminary mission, the first stage of the development planning process, the primary objective is to identify existing natural hazards and potential natural events that can produce future disasters. Once the existence of potentially hazardous conditions or events has been recognized, constraints and opportunities for future development can be identified.
For this purpose, general information pertaining to the occurrence or potential for natural hazards and natural phenomena should be collected. Existing information such as maps, remotely sensed images, and reports can be used to illustrate historical and current conditions. From this the planner can identify potentially hazardous conditions and conduct qualitative and quantitative assessments of the probable impacts of the hazards on the natural resource base and economic development potentials of the target development area. Gathering all existing hazard-related information during the preliminary mission provides an inventory of what is available and enables the planner to determine what else will be needed for the subsequent phases.
A list of useful studies and maps for a hazard assessment in the preliminary mission is presented in Figure A-3, together with the desirable level of detail and scale of each map, which will differ according to the type of hazard and the size of the region under study. In general, small-scale maps on the order of 1:1,000,000 are appropriate for examining areas larger than 25,000 square kilometers. While large-scale maps, ranging from 1:10,000 to 1:50,000, are useful for identifying the presence of natural hazards in relatively small areas up to 2,500 square kilometers.
In the later stages of the development planning process, the objective of collecting natural hazard information shifts from a qualitative to a quantitative assessment: the location, frequency, and severity of occurrence of specific natural hazards, and the vulnerability of the population and the natural and built environment. Information collected and generated during the Preliminary Mission can be used as the basis for Phase I activities, the objectives of which are to prepare a development diagnosis, formulate a development strategy, identify investment projects for the study area, and assess the areas and proposed project's vulnerability to natural hazards.
The development diagnosis involves an analysis of the resource base, to determine the development potential and constraints-including natural hazards-in the study area. If adequate information exists, it must be synthesized into a form suitable for the planning study. Where data are limited, they must be supplemented with field studies. This analysis, in turn, leads to the identification of projects that will resolve the problems or capture the opportunities. Information on natural hazards is used at this point in selecting the location of the projects and in their preliminary formulation. Some projects, such as the preparation of detailed hazard zone maps or the modification of building codes, may be directly related to natural hazards.
In already developed areas, the hazard assessment is used to determine the vulnerability of vital human structures such as lifeline networks, settlements, production facilities, infrastructure, and other types of activity. Vulnerability maps, created by integrating meteorological or geological information with information on human use and occupation, can be overlaid on lifeline maps to show critical facilities, production areas and population centers, and to identify vulnerable sites. After vulnerability levels for lifeline networks and areas of human activity have been assessed, a development strategy can be devised aimed at maximizing the development potential while reducing their vulnerability to natural hazards. Such a strategy includes (1) determining under what circumstances the development activities can and should alter natural phenomena, and (2) deciding what types of structural and non-structural mitigation measures should be executed as part of the development project.
The specific types of natural hazard information needed for Phase I are enumerated in Figure A-4. The information needed on vulnerability and risk, which tends to be similar for Phases I and II, is shown in Figure A-6.
The principal activity of Phase II is the preparation of an action plan and the detailed formulation of investment projects that were identified in Phase I and selected by the government for further study. Risk criteria based on vulnerability analysis, the assessments of different hazards, and the expected economic life of the investment project can be used to distinguish risk levels for different development activities and to define the constraints associated with the projects.
After acceptable risk levels have been determined, specific mitigation measures applicable to the particular hazard (see Chapters 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12) should be identified and a disaster preparedness plan, consisting of activities to minimize loss of life and property and to identify lifeline network components that need reinforcement, should be formulated.
Figure A-5 presents a summary of natural hazard information needs for Phase II of the planning process, and Figure A-6 shows the information needed to undertake vulnerability and risk assessments.
In the final stage of the planning process, when the approved development projects are implemented, the related disaster preparedness and mitigation measures identified in Phase II are executed. Specific preparedness activities should be designed for development activities that are not amenable to major reductions in vulnerability levels. In addition to these measures, the hazards identified should be monitored for early warning, and seminars and disaster preparedness information exchanges should be conducted.
Figure A-1 EXAMPLES OF POTENTIAL USERS OF HAZARD INFORMATION
Development and Investment Users
Capital donors
Capital investors
Development assistance agencies
Insurers and reinsurers
Preliminary mission teams
Private consulting firms
Underwriters
Community Users
Building, engineering, planning, and safety departments
Disaster preparedness agencies
Flood control districts
Governing bodies
Offices of emergency services
Police and fire departments
Provincial and district councils
Public works and highway departments
School districts
Regional Government Users
Building, housing, and community development agencies
Coastal protection agencies
Departmental development corporations
Emergency services agencies
Legislatures and legislative committees
Planning and research agencies
Transportation, water resources, mining, and geological agencies
Utility regulatory agencies
National Government Users
Agrarian research, promotion, and development centers
Congresses and congressional staffs
Development corporations
Economic policy affairs ministries
Emergency management agencies
Environmental protection agencies
Foreign affairs ministries
Extractive, manufacturing, and processing industries
Forest ministries or departments
General services administrations
Housing and urban development ministries
Human settlements ministries
Industry and commerce ministries
Insurance administrations
Land management and reclamation ministries
Military corps of engineers
National expansion, colonization, and development institutes
Natural resources agencies and councils
Oceanic and atmospheric administrations
Planning boards or agencies
Power commissions
Research and promotion institutes
Rural, agricultural, and livestock ministries
Science and technology institutes
Small farmers' affairs ministries
Transportation, communication, and
public works ministries
Water resources councils and institutes
Other National Users
Applied technology councils
Associations of engineering geologists
Associations of highway and transportation officials
Associations of state geologists
Earthquake engineering research institutes
International conferences of building officials
National associations of cities, counties, and states
National associations of insurance commissioners
National institutes of building sciences
Natural hazards research and applications centers
Professional and scientific societies
Public works associations
Red Cross
Research institutes
International Users
Inter-American Training Center for Formulation
and Evaluation of Projects
Inter-American Center for Integrated Development of
Land and Water Resources
Inter-American Center for Regional Development
Inter-American Development Bank
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
International development assistance agencies
Organization of American States
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
U.S. Agency for International Development and its
Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance
Public and Quasi-Public Users
Civic and voluntary groups
Communication and transportation industries
Concerned citizens
Construction companies
Consulting planners, geologists, architects, and engineers
Financial and insurance institutions
Landowners, developers, and real-property sales persons
Structural engineers' associations
University departments (including geography, geology, civil engineering, economic development, architecture, urban and regional planning, national resources, forestry, and environmental studies)
Utility companies
Figure A-2 - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATURAL HAZARD ASSESSMENTS AND THE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING PROCESS
|
PHASE |
ROLE OF HAZARD ASSESSMENT |
|
|
Preliminary Mission |
Hazard-related objective: |
To collect information to establish the presence of natural events in the study area and the limitations imposed by hazards. |
|
Effect on development planning activities: |
Presence of hazards indicates the need for further qualitative and quantitative assessment of this potential effect on development. |
|
|
Phase I: Development Diagnosis, Strategy Formulation, and Project Identification
|
Hazard-related objective: |
To assess those hazards present in the study area and identify existing critical segments or elements of production facilities, infrastructure, and settlements (lifeline network mapping). |
|
To include vulnerability in the determination of development potential and strategy (for example, by identifying floodplains, landslide areas, incipient desertification). |
||
|
To identify alternative non-structural and structural mitigation measures in initial project identification. |
||
|
Effect on development planning activities: |
Presence of hazards will affect the overall strategy. Hazard mitigation should influence identification of sectoral projects, particularly agriculture and infrastructure. |
|
|
Presence of hazards will affect the identification, type, and location of investment projects, which may require modification of the lifeline network. |
||
|
Phase II: Action Plan Preparation Project Formulation
|
Hazard-related objective: |
To determine specific mitigation measures for selected investment projects and identify critical elements of lifeline network disaster preparedness activities. |
|
Effect on development planning activities: |
Presence of hazards will affect the action plan for project implementation, the specific site selection of investment projects at the local level, the project engineering design, and the economic feasibility. |
|
|
Implementation
|
Hazard-related objective: |
To follow through on implementation of mitigation measures and disaster preparedness. |
|
Effect on development planning activities: |
Monitoring of natural phenomena for early warning against possible damage, and formulation of future risk assessment and disaster preparedness activities. |
|
Figure A-3 NATURAL HAZARD INFORMATION FOR THE PRELIMINARY MISSION a/
|
SUBJECT |
INFORMATION TYPE |
DESCRIPTION |
PREFERRED MAP SCALE |
SCALE RANGE |
|
Hurricane
|
Maps
|
Historical events (paths) |
1:1 000 000 |
1:5 000 000 or larger |
|
Risk |
1:1 000 000-1:50 000 |
1:5 000 000 or larger |
||
|
Studies |
Event histories |
|
(as provided by the study) |
|
|
Flood
|
Maps
|
Drainage |
1:500 000-1:50 000 |
1:1 000 000 or larger |
|
Floodplain |
1:500 000-1:50 000 |
1:1 000 000 or larger |
||
|
Historical events |
1:500 000-1:50 000 |
1:1 000 000 or larger |
||
|
Event-related inundation |
1:500 000-1-50 000 |
1:1 000 000 or larger |
||
|
Studies |
Event histories |
|
(as provided by the study) |
|
|
Drought and Desertification
|
Maps |
Historical events |
1:1 000 000-1:250 000 |
1:10 000 000 or larger |
|
Studies
|
Drought assessment |
|
(as provided by the study) |
|
|
Desertification assessment |
|
(as provided by the study) |
||
|
Event histories |
|
(as provided by the study) |
||
|
Natural Resource Information Related to Hydrologic and Atmospheric Hazards b/ |
Maps
|
Life zones (ecology) |
1 1 000 000-1 50 000 |
1:3 000 000 or larger |
|
Land use |
1 1 000 000-1 50 000 |
1:3 000 000 or larger |
||
|
Land capability |
1 1 000 000-1 50 000 |
1:3 000 000 or larger |
||
|
Precipitation |
1 1 000 000-1 50 000 |
1: 000 000 or larger |
||
|
Regional hydrology |
1 1 000 000-1 50 000 |
1:3 000 000 or larger |
||
|
Soils classification |
1 1 000 000-1 50 000 |
1:3 000 000 or larger |
||
|
Topography |
1 1 000 000-1 50 000 |
1: 000 000 or larger |
||
|
Vegetation |
1 1 000 000-1 50 000 |
1:3 000 000 or larger |
||
|
Earthquake and Tsunami
|
Maps
|
Event epicenters |
1:2 000 000-1:250 000 |
1:10 000 000 or larger |
|
Plate tectonics/faults |
1:1 000 000-1:50 000 |
1:10 000 000 or larger |
||
|
Regional geology |
1:1 000 000-1:50 000 |
1:10 000 000 or larger |
||
|
Seismic risk/microzonation |
1:100 000 |
1:10 000 000-1:100 000 |
||
|
Seismicity |
|
1:10 000 000-1:5 000 000 |
||
|
Studies
|
Earthquake catalogues |
|
(as provided by the study) |
|
|
Event histories |
|
(as provided by the study) |
||
|
Tsunamic event history |
|
(as provided by the study) |
||
|
Landslide
|
Maps
|
Slide inventory |
1:250 000 - 1:50 000 |
1:2 000 000 or larger |
|
Hazard zonation |
1:250 000 - 1:50 000 |
1:2 000 000 or larger |
||
|
Studies |
Event histories |
|
(as provided by the study) |
|
|
Volcano
|
Maps
|
Ash fall event |
|
1:3 000 000 or larger |
|
Plate tectonics/faults |
1:1 000 000 |
1:10 000 000 or larger |
||
|
Regional geology |
1:1 000 000 |
1:10 000 000 or larger |
||
|
Volcanic hazard |
|
1:10 000 000 or larger |
||
|
Studies
|
Catalogue of active volcanoes |
|
(as provided by the study) |
|
|
Event histories |
|
(as provided by the study) |
||
|
Natural Resource |
Maps
|
Geology |
1:1 000 000 - 1:50 000 |
1: 3 000 000 or larger |
|
Information Related to Geologic Hazards b/ |
Topography |
1:1 000 000 - 1:50 000 |
1: 3 000 000 or larger |
a/During the Preliminary Mission, only existing information is collected and analyzed.
No new information is generated.
b/Information typically gathered during the Preliminary Mission in any case.
Figure A-4 NATURAL HAZARD INFORMATION FOR PHASE I ACTIVITIES a/
|
SUBJECT |
INFORMATION TYPE |
DESCRIPTION |
PREFERRED HAP SCALE c/ |
SCALE RANGE |
|
Hurricane
|
Maps
|
Bathymetric |
|
1:250 000 - 1:10 000 |
|
Drainage and irrigation |
|
1:250 000 - 1:10 000 |
||
|
Event-related inundation |
|
1:250 000 - 1:10 000 |
||
|
Floodplain for design event |
|
1:250 000 - 1:10 000 |
||
|
Historical events (affected area) |
|
1:500 000 - 1:50 000 |
||
|
Surge tide for design event |
|
1:50 000 - 1:10 000 |
||
|
Studies and other information
|
Aerial photographs |
|
(as provided by the study) |
|
|
Coastal infrastructure |
|
(as provided by the study) |
||
|
Episodic data |
|
(as provided by the study) |
||
|
Event damage |
|
(as provided by the study) |
||
|
Flood histories |
|
(as provided by the study) |
||
|
Hydrology reports |
|
(as provided by the study) |
||
|
Meteorological records |
|
(as provided by the study) |
||
|
Satellite imagery |
1:100 000 - 1:40 000 |
1:1000 000 - 1:40 000 |
||
|
Tide tables |
|
(as provided by the study) |
||
|
Flood
|
Maps
|
Drainage and irrigation |
|
1:250 000 - 1:50 000 |
|
Event-related inundation |
|
1:250 000 - 1:50 000 |
||
|
Floodplain for design event |
|
1:250 000 - 1:50 000 |
||
|
Studies and other information
|
(See "Hurricane" above) |
|
|
|
|
Stream flow data |
|
(as provided by the study) |
||
|
Drought and Desertification
|
Maps
|
Aquifer and aquifer recharge areas |
|
1:250 000 - 1:50 000 |
|
Deep water well inventory |
|
1:250 000 - 1:50 000 |
||
|
Land use change |
|
1:250 000 - 1:50 000 |
||
|
Studies and other information
|
Aerial photographs |
|
1:250 000 - 1:40 000 |
|
|
Aquifer recharge and reports on ground water withdrawn |
|
(as provided by the study) |
||
|
Episodic data |
|
(as provided by the study) |
||
|
Event damage assessments |
|
(as provided by the study) |
||
|
Human and animal population density |
|
(as provided by the study) |
||
|
Meteorological records |
|
(as provided by the study) |
||
|
Satellite imagery |
1:500 000 - 1:40 000 |
1:1000 000 - 1:40 000 |
||
|
Wind velocity and direction |
|
(as provided by the study) |
||
|
Natural Resource Information Related to Hydrologic and Atmospheric Hazards
|
Maps and accompanying studies
|
Life zones |
|
1:500 000 - 1:60 000 |
|
Geology |
|
1:500 000 - 1:50 000 |
||
|
Land use |
|
1:500 000 - 1:50 000 |
||
|
Land-use capability |
|
1:500 000 - 1:50 000 |
||
|
Precipitation |
|
1:500 000 - 1:50 000 |
||
|
Soil classification |
|
1:500 000 - 1:20 000 |
||
|
Topography |
|
1:500 000 - 1:20 000 |
||
|
Vegetation |
|
1:500 000 - 1:50 000 |
||
|
Earthquake and Tsunami
|
Maps
|
Event epicenters |
|
1:500 000 or larger |
|
Faults |
|
1:500 000 or larger |
||
|
Historical events (including tsunami-affected area) |
|
1:500 000 or larger |
||
|
Isoseismic |
|
1:500 000 or larger |
||
|
Maximum observed intensity |
|
1:500 000 or larger |
||
|
Seismic risk/macrozonation |
|
1:500 000 or larger |
||
|
Seismotectonic |
|
1:500 000 or larger |
||
|
Studies and other information
|
Engineering design reports on major infrastructure projects |
|
(as provided by the study) |
|
|
Event damage assessment |
|
(as provided by the study) |
||
|
Interpretative soils reports to identify formations susceptible to liquefaction and slope failure |
|
(as provided by the study) |
||
|
Satellite imagery |
1:500 000 - 1:40 000 |
1:1000 000 - 1:40 000 |
||
|
Strong ground motion investigations |
|
(as provided by the study) |
||
|
Volcano
|
Maps
|
Ash fall event |
|
1:500 000 or larger |
|
Faults |
|
1:500 000 or larger |
||
|
Seismotectonic |
|
1:500 000 or larger |
||
|
Volcano inventory |
|
1:500 000 or larger |
||
|
Studies and other information
|
Event damage assessment |
|
(as provided by the study) |
|
|
Distribution of recent and historic deposits of lava and ash |
|
(as provided by the study) |
||
|
Satellite imagery |
1:250 000 - 1:40 000 |
1:000 000 - 1:40 000 |
||
|
Volcanic activity monitoring investigations |
|
(as provided by the study) |
||
|
Landslide
|
Maps
|
Simple hazard zonation map |
1:50 000 |
1:250 000 - 1:25 000 |
|
Landslide inventory |
1:50 000 |
1:250 000 - 1:25 000 |
||
|
Studies and other information |
Event histories and damage reports |
|
(as provided by the study) |
|
|
Natural Resource Information Related to Geologic Hazards b/
|
Maps and accompanying studies
|
Aspect |
|
1:250 000 - 1:25 000 |
|
Geology |
|
1:500 000 - 1:25 000 |
||
|
Geomorphology |
|
1:500 000 - 1:50 000 |
||
|
Land use |
|
1:500 000 - 1:50 000 |
||
|
Land capability |
|
1:500 000 - 1:50 000 |
||
|
Slope |
|
1:250 000 - 1:25 000 |
||
|
Soil classification |
|
1:500 000 - 1:50 000 |
||
|
Topography |
|
1:500 000 - 1:50 000 |
||
|
Vegetation |
|
1 500 000 - 1:50 000 |
a/ Information to be prepared and analyzed as completely as possible, depending on the previously established presence of the hazard.b/ Information to be prepared, if not already available, as a required by the specific study.
c/ Unless otherwise indicated, according to size of study area.
Figure A-5 - NATURAL HAZARD INFORMATION FOR PHASE II ACTIVITIES a/
|
SUBJECT |
INFORMATION TYPE |
DESCRIPTION |
PREFERRED HAP SCALE c/ |
SCALE RANGE |
|
Hurricane
|
Maps
|
Bathymetric |
|
1:50 000 - 1:10 000 |
|
Drainage irrigation |
|
1:100 000 - 1:10 000 |
||
|
Event-related inundation |
|
1:100 000 - 1:10 000 |
||
|
Floodplain for design event |
|
1:100 000 - 1: 000 |
||
|
Historical events (affected area) |
|
1:100 000 -1:2 500 |
||
|
Structural damage assessment |
|
1:50 000 - 1:2 500 |
||
|
Surge tide for design event |
|
1:50 000 - 1:2 500 |
||
|
Studies and other information |
(see "Hurricane" in Figure A-4) |
|
|
|
|
Flood
|
Maps
|
Drainage and irrigation |
|
1:100 000 - 1: 2 500 |
|
Event-related inundation |
|
1:100 000 - 1: 2 500 |
||
|
Floodplain for design event |
|
1:100 000 - 1: 2 500 |
||
|
Studies and other information |
(see "Hurricane" in Figure A-4) |
|
|
|
|
Drought and Desertification
|
Maps
|
Aquifer and aquifer recharge area |
|
1:100 000 - 1:10 000 |
|
Deep water yell inventory |
|
1:100 000 - 1:10 000 |
||
|
Land use change |
|
1:100 000 - 1:10 000 |
||
|
Natural Resource Information Related to Hydrologic and Atmospheric Hazards b/ |
Maps |
(see "Natural Resource Information Related to Hydrologic and Atmospheric Hazards" in Figure A-4) |
|
|
|
Earthquake and Tsunami
|
Maps
|
Event epicenters |
|
1:100 000 - 1:10 000 |
|
Faults |
|
1:100 000 - 1:10 000 |
||
|
Historical events (including tsunami-affected area) |
|
1:100 000 - 1:10 000 |
||
|
Liquefaction and slope failure |
|
1:100 000 - 1:10 000 |
||
|
Seismic risk/microzonation |
|
1:50 000 - 1:10 000 |
||
|
Structural damage assessment |
|
1:50 000 - 1:10 000 |
||
|
Studies and other information |
(see "Earthquake and Tsunami" in Figure A-4) |
|
|
|
|
Landslide
|
Maps
|
Intermediate or detailed hazard zonation map |
|
1:25 000 - 1:2 000 |
|
Landslide inventory |
|
1:25 000 - 1:2 000 |
||
|
Studies and other information |
Event histories and damage reports |
|
(as provided by the study) |
|
|
Volcano
|
Maps
|
Ash fall event |
|
1:100 000 - 1:10 000 |
|
Faults |
|
1:100 000 - 1:10 000 |
||
|
Lava flow event |
|
1:50 000 - 1:10 000 |
||
|
Volcano inventory |
|
1:100 000 - 1:10 000 |
||
|
Studies and other information |
(see "Volcano" in Figure A-4) |
|
|
|
|
Natural Resource Information Related to Geologic Hazards b/ |
Maps |
(see "Natural Resource Information Related to Geologic Hazards" in Figure A-4) |
|
|
a/ Information to be prepared, if not already available, as completely as possible and analyzed. This will depend on the previously defined highest potential areas for development, location of selected development projects, and the presence of hazard.b/ Information to be prepared, if not already available, as a required by the specific study.
c/ Unless otherwise indicated, according to size of study area.
Figure A-6 - NATURAL HAZARD INFORMATION FOR VULNERABILITY AND RISK ASSESSMENTS
|
INFORMATION TYPE |
DESCRIPTION |
PLANNING PROCESS STAGE |
SCALE RANGE |
|
Maps and accompanying studies
|
Basic Information
|
Preliminary Mission |
1:3 000 000 or larger |
|
Phases I and II |
1:500 000 - 1:25 000 |
||
|
Urban and rural settlements |
Phases I and II |
1:500 000 - 1:10 000 |
|
|
Basin infrastructure |
Phases I and II |
|
|
|
Service infrastructure Lifeline network |
Phases I and II |
|
|
|
Land use
|
Preliminary Mission |
1:3 000 000 or larger |
|
|
Phases I and II |
1:500 000 - 1:10 000 |
||
|
Agriculture cropping patterns |
Phases I and II |
1:250 000 - 1:50 000 |
|
|
Water storage, drainage and irrigation |
Phases I and II |
1:250 000 - 1:10 000 |
|
|
Structural damage assessment |
Phases I and II |
1:50 000 - 1:10 000 |
|
|
Studies and other information
|
Animal carrying capacity and present density |
Phases I and II |
(as provided by the study) |
|
Human population density |
Phases I and II |
(as provided by the study) |
|
|
Development project identification |
Phase I |
1:500 000 - 1:50 000 |
|
|
Specific development project description |
Phase II |
1:100 000 - 1:10 000 |
|
|
Building codes and specifications |
Phase II |
(as provided by the study) |
|
|
Vulnerability assessment |
Phase II |
(as provided by the study) |
|
|
Risk assessment |
Phase II |
(as provided by the study) |
|
THE ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES The purposes of the Organization of American States (OAS) are to strengthen the peace and security of the Hemisphere; to prevent possible causes of difficulties and to ensure the pacific settlement of disputes that may arise among the member states; to provide for common action on the part of those states in the event of aggression; to seek the solution of political, juridical, and economic problems that may arise among them; and to promote, by cooperative action, their economic, social, and cultural development. To achieve these objectives, the OAS acts through the General Assembly; the Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs; the three Councils (the Permanent Council, the Inter-American Economic and Social Council, and the Inter-American Council for Education, Science, and Culture); the Inter-American Juridical Committee; the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights; the General Secretariat; the Specialized Conferences; and the Specialized Organizations. The General Assembly holds regular sessions once a year and special sessions when circumstances warrant. The Meeting of Consultation is convened to consider urgent matters of common interest and to serve as Organ of Consultation in the application of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (known as the Rio Treaty), which is the main instrument for joint action in the event of aggression. The Permanent Council takes cognizance of matters referred to it by the General Assembly or the Meeting of Consultation and carries out the decisions of both when their implementation has not been assigned to any other body; monitors the maintenance of friendly relations among the member states and the observance of the standards governing General Secretariat operations; and, in certain instances specified in the Charter of the Organization, acts provisionally as Organ of Consultation under the Rio Treaty. The other two Councils, each of which has a Permanent Executive Committee, organize inter-American action in their areas and hold regular meetings once a year. The General Secretariat is the central, permanent organ of the OAS. The headquarters of both the Permanent Council and the General Secretariat is in Washington, D.C. The Organization of American States is the oldest regional society of nations in the world, dating back to the First International Conference of American States, held in Washington, D.C., which on April 14, 1890, established the International Union of American Republics. When the United Nations was established, the OAS joined it as a regional organization. The Charter governing the OAS was signed in Bogota in 1948 and amended by the Protocol of Buenos Aires, which entered into force in February 1970. Today the OAS is made up of thirty-five member states. MEMBER STATES: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas (Commonwealth of), Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica (Commonwealth of), Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, St. Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela. |
